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Chapter One Introduction 1

1.1 Definition 1

1.2 Qualification 3

1.3 Criteria of Translation 6

Chapter Two Strategies and Methods 13

2.1 Strategies 13

2.1.1 Domestication 13

2.1.2 Foreignization 15

2.2 Methods and Techniques 19

2.2.1 Literal Translation vs Free Translation 19

2.2.2 Extension 25

2.2.3 Conversion 30

2.2.4 Amplification 36

2.2.5 Simplification 43

2.2.6 Negation and Affirmation in Translation 48

2.2.7 Shift Between the Concrete and the Abstract 56

2.3 Dictionary and Translation 59

Chapter Three Translation of Words 65

3.1 Semantic Change 65

3.1.1 Broadening 65

3.1.2 Narrowing 65

3.1.3 Melioration 66

3.1.4 Deterioration 66

3.1.5 Antonomasia 67

3.2 Gaps in Translation 68

3.2.1 Lexical Gap 69

3.2.2 Semantic Gap 71

3.3 Context of Situation and Word Selection 75

3.3.1 Semantic Radiation 75

3.3.2 Direct Context and Word Selection 76

3.3.3 Indirect Context and Word Selection 78

3.4 Synonyms and Choice of Words 82

3.4.1 Synonyms 82

3.4.2 Choice of Words 85

3.5 Levels of Formality of Words and Diction 89

3.5.1 Semantic Overlap and Classification of Levels of Formality of Words 90

3.5.2 Levels of Formality and Diction 92

3.6 Proper Use of Idioms in Translation 96

3.6.1 Similarities and Diversities between Chinese and English Idioms 97

3.6.2 Corresponding Idioms 98

3.6.3 Partly Corresponding Idioms 100

3.6.4 Modifiers Are Rendered into Idioms 101

3.7 Translation of Proverbs and Two-part Allegorical Sayings 106

3.7.1 Proverbs 106

3.7.2 Two-part Allegorical Sayings 110

3.8 Translation of Allusions 113

3.8.1 Traditional Allusions 113

3.8.2 New Allusions 118

3.9 Translation of Culture-loaded Words 121

3.9.1 Similarity and Difference of Cultural Connotations between English and Chinese Culture-loaded words 122

3.9.2 Cognitive Schema Theory Applied to Translation of Culture-loaded Words 125

Chapter Four Translation of Sentences 130

4.1 Differences and Similarities between English and Chinese in Syntax 130

4.1.1 Difference and Similarity in Sentence Order 130

4.1.2 Difference and Similarity in Syntax 135

4.2 Translation of Attributive Clauses 141

4.3 Comparison and Contrast 150

4.4 Translation of Long Sentences 156

4.5 Conversion between the Passive Voice and the Active Voice 163

4.5.1 Introduction 163

4.5.2 Conversion between the Passive Voice and the Active Voice 165

Chapter Five Translation of Various Types of Writings 172

5.1 Translation of Advertisements 172

5.1.1 Lexical Level 172

5.1.2 Syntactic Level 176

5.1.3 Rhetorical Devices 178

5.2 Translation of Journalistic Texts 188

5.2.1 Definition 188

5.2.2 Classification 188

5.2.3 Stylistic Features 189

5.2.4 Major Components 192

5.2.5 Translation Strategies 196

5.3 Translation of English for Tourism 198

5.3.1 Definition 198

5.3.2 Stylistic Features 198

5.3.3 Translation Strategies 200

5.4 Translation of Scientific and Technical Writings 202

5.4.1 Linguistic Features of Scientific and Technical Writings 203

5.4.2 Increase or Decrease in Quantity 210

5.5 Translation of Diplomatic Literature 214

5.5.1 Features of Diplomatic Language 215

5.5.2 Translation of Diplomatic Literature 218

Chapter six Translation of Literary Works 224

6.1 Introduction 224

6.2 Fidelity to SLT Literary Messages 230

6.2.1 Fidelity to Semantic Information 230

6.2.2 Fidelity to Grammatical Information 231

6.2.3 Fidelity to Rhetorical Information 232

6.2.4 Fidelity to Pragmatic Information 232

6.2.5 Fidelity to Cultural Information 233

6.2.6 Fidelity to Syntactic Information 234

6.2.7 Fidelity to Aesthetic Information 235

6.3 Translation of Fiction 239

6.3.1 Introduction 239

6.3.2 Translation of Titles 240

6.3.3 The Stylistic Features Reproduced in Translation 241

6.4 Translation of Prose 245

6.5 Translation of Poetry 253

6.5.1 Opposite Opinions on Translation of Poetry 253

6.5.2 Different Opinions on Subjectivity 259

6.5.3 Translation of Poetry between English and Chinese 260

6.6 Translation of Dramatic Texts 284

6.6.1 A Performance-oriented Translation vs.A Reader-oriented Translation 284

6.6.2 Text vs.Subtext 289

Appendix 293

翻译练习参考答案 293

Bibliography 310