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PART ONE THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1

CHAPTER1 Players in the Systems Game 2

SoundStage Entertainment Club 4

How to Use the Demonstration Case 8

Why Study Systems Analysis and Design Methods？ 8

Information Workers 9

System Owners 9

System Users 11

System Designers 12

System Builders 13

Systems Analysts 13

Information Technology Vendors and Consultants 13

The Modern Systems Analyst 13

Why Do Businesses Need Systems Analysts？ 13

What Is a Systems Analyst？ 14

What Does a Systems Analyst Do？ 15

Where Do Systems Analysts Work？ 15

Modern Business Trends and Implications 20

Total Quality Management 20

Business Process Redesign 20

Continuous Process Improvement 21

Globalization of the Economy 21

Information Technology Trends and Drivers 22

Preparing for a Career as a Systems Analyst 24

Working Knowledge of Information Technology 24

Computer ProgrammingExperience and Expertise 24

General Business Knowledge 25

Problem-Solving Skills 25

Interpersonal Communication Skills 25

Interpersonal Relations Skills 26

Flexibility and Adaptability 27

Character and Ethics 27

Systems Analysis and Design Skills 28

The Next Generation 29

Career Prospects 29

Predictions 29

Where Do You Go from Here？ 30

CHAPTER2 Information System Building Blocks 36

SoundStage Entertainment Club 38

The Product-Information Systems 45

Transaction Processing Systems 46

Management Information Systems 47

Decision Support Systems 47

Expert Systems 48

Office Automation Systems 48

Putting It All Together 49

A Framework for Information Systems Architecture 51

DATA Building Blocks 52

PROCESS Building Blocks 56

INTERFACE Building Blocks 60

Using the Framework for Information Systems Architecture 63

Where Do You Go from Here？ 66

CHAPTER3 Information Systems Development 72

SoundStage Entertainment Club 74

The Process of Systems Development 75

The Capability Maturity Model 76

Systems Life Cycle versus Systems Development Methodologies 77

Underlying Principles for Systems Development 79

A Systems Development Methodology 84

Project Identification 84

Project Phases 86

Cross Life Cycle Activities 92

Alternative Routes and Methods 94

Model-Driven Development Route 94

Rapid Application Development Route 98

Commercial Off-the-Shelf Package Software Route 100

Hybrid Approaches 103

The Maintenance and Reengineering Route 105

Automated Tools and Technology 106

CASE-Computer-Aided Systems Engineering 107

Application Development Environments 109

Process and Project Managers 110

Where Do You Go from Here？ 111

CHAPTER4 Project Management 120

SoundStage Entertainment Club 122

What Is Project Management？ 123

The Causes of Failed Projects 125

The Project Management Body of Knowledge 126

The Project Management Life Cycle 132

Activity1-Negotiate Scope 133

Activity2-Identify Tasks 134

Activity3-Estimate Task Durations 136

Activity4-Specify Intertask Dependencies 137

Activity5-Assign Resources 139

Activity6-Direct the Team Effort 143

Activity7-Monitor and Control Progress 144

Activity8-Assess Project Results and Experiences 154

Where Do You Go from Here？ 154

PART TWO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHODS 161

CHAPTER5 Systems Analysis 162

SoundStage Entertainment Club 164

What Is Systems Analysis？ 165

Systems Analysis Approaches 167

Model-Driven Analysis Approaches 167

Accelerated Analysis Approaches 171

Requirements Discovery Methods 172

Business Process Redesign Methods 173

FAST Systems Analysis Strategies 174

The Preliminary Investigation Phase 174

Task1.1-List Problems，Opportunities，and Directives 176

Task1.2-Negotiate Preliminary Scope 178

Task1.3-Assess Project Worth 179

Task1.4-Plan the Project 179

Task1.5-Present the Project and Plan 180

The Problem Analysis Phase 181

Task2.1-Study the Problem Domain 183

Task2.2-Analyze Problems and Opportunities 185

Task2.3-Analyze Business Processes 186

Task2.4-Establish System Improvement Objectives 187

Task2.5-Update the Project Plan 188

Task2.6-Present Findings and Recommendations 188

The Requirements Analysis Phase 189

Task3.1-Define Requirements 192

Task3.2-Analyze Functional Requirements 193

Task3.3-Trace and Complete Requirements 195

Task3.4-Prioritize Requirements 196

Task3.5-Update the Project Plan 196

Ongoing Requirements Management 197

The Decision Analysis Phase 197

Task4.1-Identify Candidate Solutions 199

Task4.2-Analyze Candidate Solutions 200

Task4.3-Compare Candidate Solutions 202

Task4.4-Update the Project Plan 202

Task4.5-Recommend a Solution 202

The Next Generation of Systems Analysis 203

Where Do You Go from Here？ 205

CHAPTER6 Requirements Discovery 212

SoundStage Entertainment Club 214

An Introduction to Requirements Discovery 215

The Process of Requirements Discovery 218

Problem Discovery and Analysis 218

Requirements Discovery 219

Documenting and Analyzing Requirements 221

Requirements Management 223

Requirements Discovery Methods 223

Sampling of Existing Documentation，Forms，and Files 223

Research and Site Visits 225

Observation of the Work Environment 226

Questionnaires 228

Interviews 230

How to Conduct an Interview 232

Discovery Prototyping 237

Joint Requirements Planning（JRP） 238

A Fact-Finding Strategy 243

Documenting Requirements Methods 244

Use Cases 244

How to Document a Use Case 245

Decisioin Tables 247

Requirements Tables 247

Where Do You Go from Here？ 249

CHAPTER7 Data Modeling and Analysis 254

SoundStage Entertainment Club 256

An Introduction to Systems Modeling 257

System Concepts for Data Modeling 260

Entities 260

Attributes 261

Relationships 264

The Process of Logical Data Modeling 273

Strategic Data Modeling 273

Data Modeling during Systems Analysis 275

Looking Ahead to Systems Design 276

Automated Tools for Data Modeling 277

How to Construct Data Models 277

Entity Discovery 277

The Context Data Model 279

The Key-Based Data Model 281

Generalized Hierarchies 284

The Fully Attributed Data Model 284

Analyzing the Data Model 286

What Is a Good Data Model？ 286

Data Analysis 288

Normalization Example 288

Mapping Data Requirements to Locations 297

Where Do You Go from Here？ 298

CHAPTER8 Process Modeling 304

SoundStage Entertainment Club 306

An Introduction to Systems Modeling 307

System Concepts for Process Modeling 310

Process Concepts 310

Data Flows 321

External Agents 329

Data Steres 330

The Process of Logical Process Modeling 331

Strategic Systems Planning 331

Process Modeling for Business Process Redesign 332

Process Modeling during Systems Analysis 332

Looking Ahead to Systems Design 332

Fact-Finding and Information Gathering for Process Modeling 334

Computer-Alded Systems Engineering（CASE）for Process Modeling 334

How to Construct Process Models 336

The Context Data Flow Diagram 336

The Functional Decomposition Diagram 337

The Event-Response or Use Case List 339

Event Decomposition Dlagrams 340

Event Diagrams 340

The System Diagram（s） 345

Primitive Diagrams 347

Completing the Specification 347

Synchronizing of System Models 351

Data and Process Model Synchronization 351

Process Distribution 352

The Next Generation 353

Where Do You Go from Here？ 355

CHAPTER9 Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal 362

SoundStage Entertainment Club 364

Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal 364

Feasibility Analysis-A Creeping Commitment Approach 365

Systems Analysis-Preliminary Investigation Checkpoint 365

Systems Analysis-Problem Analysis Checkpoing 365

Systems Design-Decision Analysis Checkpoing 367

Four Test for Feasibility 367

Operational Feasibility 367

Technical Feasibility 369

Schedule Feasibility 369

Economic Feasibility 370

The Bottom Line 370

Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques 370

How Much Will the System Cost 370

What Benefits Will the System Provide？ 371

Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective？ 373

Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems 377

Candidate Systems Matrix 377

Feasibility Analysis Matrix 378

The System Proposal 380

Written Report 380

Formal Presentation 383

PART THREE SYSTEMS DESIGN METHODS 391

CHAPTER10 Systems Design 392

SoundStage Entertainment Club 394

What Is Systems Design？ 394

Systems Design Approaches 395

Model-Driven Approaches 395

Rapid Application Development（RAD） 401

FAST Systems Design Strategies 401

Systems Design for In-house Development-The Build Solution 401

Task5.1-Design the Application Architccture 403

Task5.2-Design the System Database（s） 405

Task5.3-Design the System Interface 405

Task5.4-Package Design Specifications 407

Task5.5-Update the Project Plan 408

Systems Design for Integrating Commercial Software-The Buy Solution 408

Task4.1-Research Technical Criteria and Options 408

Task4.2-Solicit Proposals （or Quotes）from Vendors 411

Task5A.1-Validate Vendor Claims and Performances 413

Task5A.2-Fvaluate and Rank Vendor Proposals 413

Task5A.3-Award（or Let）Contract and Debrief Vendors 414

Impact of Buy Decisions on Remaining Life Cycle Phases 414

Where Do You Go from Here？ 415

CHAPTER11 Application Architecture and Modeling 420

SoundStage Entertainment Club 422

Application Architecture 423

Physical Data Flow Diagrams 424

Physical Processes 425

Physical Data Flows 428

Physical External Agents 430

Physical Data Stores 430

Information Technology Architecture 430

Distributed Systems 432

DATA Architectures-Distributed Relational Databases 443

INTERFACE Architectures-Inputs，Outputs，and Middleware 445

PROCESS Architecture-The Software Development Environment 449

Application Architecture Strategies for Systems Design 452

The Enterprise Application Architecture Strategy 452

The Tactical Application Architecture Strategy 452

Modeling the Application Architecture of an Information System 453

Drawing Physical Data Flow Diagrams 453

Prerequisites 454

The Network Architecture 454

DATA Distribution and Technology Assignments 456

PROCESS Distribution and Technology Asslgnments 456

The Person/Machine Boundaries 458

Where Do You Go from Here？ 458

CHAPTER12 Database Design 466

SoundStage Entertainment Club 468

Conventional Files Versus the Database 470

The Pros and Cons of Conventional Files 470

The Pros and Cons of Database 472

Database Concepts for the Systems Analyst 473

Fields 473

Records 473

Files and Tables 474

Databases 475

Prerequisite for Database Design-Normalization 481

What Is a Good Data Model？ 481

Conventional File Design 482

Modern Database Design 482

Goals and Prerequisites to Database Design 483

The Database Schema 483

Data and Referential Integrity 488

Roles 489

Database Distribution and Replication 491

Database Prototypes 492

Database Capacity Planning 492

Database Structure Generation 492

The Next Generation of Database Design 493

Where Do You Go from Here？ 495

CHAPTER13 Output Design and Prototyping 502

SoundStage Entertainment Club 504

Output Design Concepts and Guidelines 505

Distribution and Audience of Outputs 505

Implementation Methods for Outputs 509

How to Design and Prototype Outputs 513

Automated Tools for Output Design and Prototyping 513

Output Design Guidelines 515

The Output Design Process 517

Web-Based Outputs and E-Business 525

Where Do You Go from Here？ 528

CHAPTER14 Input Design and Prototyping 534

SoundStage Entertainment Club 536

Input Design Concepts and Guidelines 537

Data Capture Data Entry and Data Processing 537

Input Methods and Implementation 540

System User Issues for Input Design 543

Internal Controls-Data Editing for Inputs 544

GUI Controls for Input Design 546

Common GUI Controls for Inputs 546

Advanced Input Controls 552

How to Design and Prototype Inputs 552

Automated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping 554

The Input Design Process 554

Web-Based Inputs and E-Business 560

Where Do You Go from Here？ 560

CHAPTER15 User Interface Design 568

SoundStage Entertainment Club 570

User Interface Design Concepts and Guidelines 571

Types of Computer Users 571

Human Factors 572

Human Engineering Guidelines 573

Dialogue Tone and Terminology 574

User Interface Technology 575

Operating Systems and Web Browsers 575

Display Monitor 575

Keyboards and Pointers 576

Graphical User Interface Styles and Considerations 577

Windows and Frames 577

Menu-Driven Interfaces 577

Instruction-Driven Interfaces 584

Question-Answer Dialogues 586

Secial Considerations for User Interface Design 587

How to Design and Prototype a User Interface 590

Automated Tools for User Interface Design and Prototyping 590

The User Interface Design Process 592

Where Do You Go from Here？ 597

PART FOUR BEYOND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 603

CHAPTER16 Systems Construction and Implementation 604

SoundStage Entertainment Club 606

What Is Systems Construction and Implementation？ 607

The Construction Phase 607

Task6.1-Build and Test Networks（If Necessary） 607

Task6.2-Build and Test Databases 609

Task6.3-Install and Test New Software Packages（If Necessary） 609

Task6.4-Write and Test New Programs 609

The Implementation Phase 611

Task7.1-Conduct System Test 612

Task7.2-Prepare Conversion Plan 612

Task7.3-Install Databases 615

Task7.4-Train Users 615

Task7.5-Convert to New System 616

Where Do You Go from Here？ 617

CHAPTER17 Systems Operations and Support 622

SoundStage Entertainment Club 624

The Context of Systems Operation and Support 625

System Maintenance 628

Task8.1.1-Validate the Problem 629

Task8.1.2-Benchmark Program 630

Task8.1.3-Study and Debug the program 631

Task8.1.4-Test the Program 631

System Recovery 632

Technical Support 633

System Obsolescence 633

Task8.4.1-Analyze Enhancement Request 635

Task8.4.2-Make the Quick Fix 635

Task8.4.3-Recover Existing Physical System 636

System Enhancement 638

Where Do You Go from Here？ 638

PART FIVE ADVANCED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 643

MODULE A Object-Oriented Analysis and Modeling 644

An Introduction to Object Modeling 646

System Concepts for Object Modeling 647

Object，Attributes，Methods，and Encapsulation 647

Classes，Generalization，and Specialization 649

Object/Class Relationships 651

Messages 654

Polymorphism 654

The UML Diagrams 655

The Process of Object Modeling 656

Modeling the Functional Description of the System 656

Finding and Identifying the Business Objects 659

Organizing the Objects and Identifying Their Associations 661

Modeling the Behavior of the Objects 668

Where Do You Go from Here？ 668

MODULE B Object-Oriented Design and Modeling 674

An Introduction to Object-Oriented Design 676

Design Objects 676

Object Responsibilities 677

Object Reusability 677

The Process of Object-Oriented Design 678

Refining the Use-Case Model to Reflect the Implementation Environment 678

Modeling Object Interaction and Behaviors that Support the Use-Case Scenario 679

Updation the Object Model to Reflect the Imptementation Environment 687

Additional UML Design and Implementation Diagrams 687

Where Do You Go from Here？ 692

Glossary/Index 695