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Volume Ⅰ 1

Chapter One Land and Peopl 1

Section One The British Isles and Great Britain 1

（1）Names and position 1

（2）Physiographic Features 8

（3）Climate and Weather 12

（4）Factors Influencing British Weather 16

（5）Inland Water 17

（6）The Enghish Language 19

（7）Old English(5th-12th century) 20

（8）Middle English(12th-15th century） 21

（9）Modern Fnglish(15th century——) 23

Section Two People and the State 25

（1）People 26

（2）Party Politics 28

（3）Central Government 29

（4）Local Government 32

（5）Law and Police 34

（6）Reform of the Law Court 35

（7）Legal Profession 38

（8）Police Force 38

（9）Religion 40

（10）Characteristics of the English People 43

（11）Generation Gap 49

Section Three National Economy 53

（1）General Survey 53

（2）Henvy and Light Industries 59

（3）The Textile Industries 63

（4）Transportation and Communication 67

（5）British Disease and Thatcher's Medicine 70

（6）Cities 74

Chapter Two English History 81

Section One Origin of the English Nation 81

（1）The Native Celts and the Anglo-Saxon Conquest 81

（3）The Norman Conquest and Middle English 88

（2）The Normans 89

（4）Influence of the Norman Conquest 89

Section Two The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament 93

（1）Henry II and His Reform 93

（2）Thomas Becket 96

（3）The Great Charter 101

（4）Beginning of Parliament 103

Section Three Decline of Feudulism in England 106

（1）The Hundred Year's War(1337—1453) 107

（2）The Black Death(1348—1349) 110

（3）The Peasant Uprising(1381) 112

（4）Wyciffe and the Lollards 114

（5）The Wars of the Roses(1455—1485) 115

Section Four The Tudor Monarch and the Rising Bourgeoisie 118

（1）The New Monarchy 118

（2）Clothing Industry 119

（3）Enclosures and the Peasant Uprising 121

（4）Discovery of New Lands and Its Influence 123

（5）Renaissance in England 126

Section Five Reformation in England 132

（1）The Catholic Church and the Middlc Ages 134

（2）The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages 135

（3）Revolt of the Protestants 136

（4）Reformation and the Church of England 137

（5）Elizabeth I(1533—1603) 140

（6）Social Life and Culture 144

Section Six The English Bourgeois Revolution 147

（1）Background to the Revolution 147

（2）James I 148

（3）Charles I 150

（4）The Independents and Pilgrim Fathers 152

（5）The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament 153

（6）Cromwell as Lord Protector 157

Section Seven The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist Movement 161

（1）Background to the Industrial Revolution 162

（2）Process of the Industrial Revolution 164

（3）Effects of the Industrial Revolution 166

（4）The Chartist Movoment(1836—1848) 169

（5）Queen Victoria and Her Time 172

Section Eight The Rise and Fall of the British EmPire 176

（1）The Two World Wars and the Decline of the Empire 184

（2）Britain After the Secoud World War 185

Chapter Three Government and Politics and Education 192

Section one The Monarchy 192

Section Two The English Nobility 198

Section Three The House of Lords 202

Section Four The House of Commons 205

Section Five The British Government 210

Section Six Political Parties 212

Section Seven Educational System and Schools 216

Section Two Geographical Features and Climate 219

Chapter Four 224

Section One Family and Life 224

Section Two Supplementary Materials 238

Britain's Press,Radio and Television 238

Volume Ⅱ 245

Chapter One Panoramic View 245

Section One The United States and the Americans 245

（1）Mames,Size and Position 245

（2）Govenment Principles and Government System 249

（3）The Federal Government 251

（4）The State Governments 253

（5）Local Governments 255

（6）Population 257

（7）The Melting Pot 265

（9） Background to the Class Structure 269

（10）The Upper,Middle.and Lower Classes 271

（8）Distribution of People 287

Section Three Natural Resources 292

（1）Rivers and Lakes 293

（2）Forests 297

（3）Mineral Resources 299

（4）Land Resources 301

（5）New Problems 302

Section Four National Economy anh Cities 305

（1）The Market Sector 306

（2）The Corporate Sector 308

（3）The Public Sector 310

（4）Productive Power 312

（5）Economic and Trade Relations with China 314

（6）Industry and Cities 315

（7）Cities 318

（8）Agriculture and Husbandary 330

（9）Transportation and Communication 333

（10）Current Porblems 336

Chapter Two American History 343

Seetion one The thirteen English-American Colonies 343

（1）The Founding of the Colonies 343

（2）The Early Immigrants 352

（3）Life in the Colonies 354

（4）Education and Schools in the Colonies 359

Section Two The War of Indpendence 360

（1）Relations between the Colonies and England 361

（2）Conflicts Leading to Armed Revolution 365

（3）The First Continental Congress 369

（4）The First Armed Clash 370

（5）The Second Continental Congress 371

（6）The Declaration of Independence 373

（7）Military Struggle and Final Victory 375

Section Three Appearance of the American Constitution and the Washing ton Administration 378

（1）America after Independence 379

（2）The Constitution Convention 382

（3）The American Constitution 385

（4）Washington as the First President 388

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century—an Era of Expansionv 394

（1）Jefferson and His Era 394

（2）The Purchase of Luisiana 396

（3）The Second War with England 397

（4）Military Actions 400

（5）Immediate Effect of the 1812 War 402

（6）The Mexican War and its Results 403

（7）Large Scale Expansion to the West 405

（8）Frontiersmen's Influence on Politics 411

（9）The Monroe Doctrine 413

Section Five The Civil War 419

（1）The Beginning of Negro Slavery in America 419

（2）Conflicts Arising from Slavery 421

（3）Abraham Lincoln 426

（4）Military Contest in the Civil War 428

（5）The Emancipation Proclamation and Final Victory 430

（6）Lincoln's Death and American Concept of a Hero 431

（7）Effect of the Civil War 436

Section Six America's Development and Foreign Aggression After the Civil War 438

（1）Economic Devolopment after the War 439

（2）Appearance of Monopoly Businesses 444

（3）Effect Produced by Growing Monopoly 446

（4）Imperalist Foreign Policy and War with Spain 448

（5）Aggression against China 450

（6）Social Reforms during Industrialization 452

Section Seven America During and After World War Ⅰ 461

（1）World War Ⅰ and America's Neutrality 461

（2）America Entering the War(1917) 463

（3）America and the Treaty of Versailles 463

（4）America's Policy after the War 464

（5）Industrial Progress and Social Life 466

（6）Background to the Great Depression 470

（7）The Great Depression 472

（8）President Roosevelt's "New Deal" 473

（9）Comment On the New Deal 476

Section Eight America During and After World War Ⅱ 478

（1）The Outbreak of General War 479

（2）Changes of the US Policy 481

（3）The Lend-Lease Bill 483

（4）America's Entrance into the War 484

（5）America after the War 486

（6）Cold War and America's Containment 487

（7）Red Scare and Mecarthy Era 490

（8）Developments 491

（9）Demands for Reform 493

（10）The Beat Generation 497

（11）The Watergate Affair 498

Saction One Political Parties and Elections 500

Chapter Three Form of Government and Social Life 500

Section Two The Federal Government 508

Section Three The U.S.Congress 519

Section Four The Judicial Branch 527

Section Five Education and Schools 538

Section Six American's Emnloyment,Life and Family 550

Supplementary Materials for Reference 557

Section One The Ancient Mediterranean World and the Origin of European Civilization 557

（1）The Nile and the Egyptians 558

（2）The Chaldeans 570

（3）The Hebrews 571

（4）The Persians 571

（5）The Rise of the Greeks 572

（6）The War Between the Persians and the Greeks 573

（8）The Achievements of the Greeks 576

（7）The Real Result of the War 576

（9）The Romans as Successors of the Greeks 581

（10）The Founding of Rome(753 B.C) 581

（11）Romans in West Europe 582

（12）The Decline of the Roman Empire 585

（13）The Germans as Successors of the Romans 587

（14）The German Invasion 587

（15）The Huns 588

（16）The Germans in Britain 589

Section Two Appearance and Development of Christianity 589

（1）Appearance of the New Testament 601

Section Three Information about the U.S.Passport and Immigration ( 601

（1）U.S.Passport,Visa,and Health Requirements 601

（2）Customs Exemptions and Advice to Travelers 605

（3）U.S.Immigration Law 607

（4）How to Become an American Citizen 610

Section Four Federal Income Tax 612

Seetion Five Investment:A Basic Glossary 626

Section Six 631

Other Materials for Reference 631

（1）Average Salaries of Full-time Federal Civilian Employees 631

（2）Manufacturing Production Worker Statistics 633

（3）Personal Consumption Expenditures for the U.S.citizens 634

（4）Presidens of the U.S 635

（5）The 50 States of America 637

（6）Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain 639

（7）Prime Ministers of Great Britain 642

（8）British Currency,Metric Equivalents for British Weights and Meausres,Britain's Bank and public Holidays 645