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UNIT 1 Introduction概论 1

I. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围 4

II. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则标准 6

III. Literal Translation and Free Translation直译与意译 7

IV. Translation Techniques翻译技巧种种 12

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 14

UNIT 2 Diction遣词用字 19

I. Correspondence Between Egnlish and Chinese at Word Level英汉词字层次上的对等关系 22

II. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word辩别英语词义的种种方法 25

III. Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word英语词语翻译的技巧 29

IV. Diction in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译的选词用字 32

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 34

UNIT 3 Amplification增词法 39

I. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在英汉翻译中运用 40

1. Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original增添原文所省略的词语 40

2. Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives增添必要的连接词语 41

3. Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality表达出复出概念 41

4. Amplification by Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear把抽象概念表达清楚 41

5. Amplification for Logic逻辑性增词 42

6. Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization概括性增词 42

7. Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence从修辞连续考虑增词 43

8. Amplification by Repetition重复性增词 43

II. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用 43

1. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Pronouns增添必要的代词 43

4. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Prepositions增添必要的介词 44

2. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Articles增添必要的冠词 44

3. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Connectives增添必要的连接词语 44

5. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Background Words增添必要的背景词语 45

Reflections and Practice 45

UNIT 4 Omission 51

I. Omission in English-Chinese Translation省略法在英汉翻译中的运用 52

1. Omission of the Pronoun代词的省略 53

2. Omission of the Article冠词的省略 53

3. Omission of the Preposition介词的省略 54

4. Omission of the Conjunction连词的省略 54

6. Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun It 非人称代词 It 的省略 55

II. Omission in Chinese-English Translation省略法在汉英翻译中的运用 55

5. Omission of the Verb动词的省略 55

1. Omission of Redundant Words省略不必要的重复、冗词之类的赘言 56

2. Omission of Words of Conceptual Category省略概念范畴类词语 56

3. Omission of Meticulous Description省略过详的细节描述 57

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 57

UNIT 5 Conversion转换 62

I. Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的词类转换 63

1. Conversion Into转换成动词 63

2. Conversion Into转换成名词 65

3. Conversion Into转换成形容词 67

4. Conversion Into转换成副词 68

1. Verbs Converted Into Other Parts of Speech汉语动词的转换 69

II. Conversion in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的词类转换 69

5. Conversion of句子成分的转换 69

2. Conversion Between Other Parts of Speech其他词类的转换 71

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 72

UNIT 6 Restructuring结构调整 76

I. Different Word Order in English and Chinese英汉语言的词序差异 77

II. Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的结构调整 79

1. Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations不同的习惯表达顺序 79

2. Different Sequences in Customary Sentence Arrangement不同的句式安排顺序 80

3. Subordinate Clauses in a Complex Sentence复合句中的状语从句 81

4. Cases Involving Adverbials副词翻译的词序调整 81

III. Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的结构调整 82

5. That- Clause Used as a Judgment or Conclusion作为判断或结论的 That- 从句的翻译 82

Reflections and Practice 84

UNIT 7 The Passive Voice被动语态 88

I. The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的被动语态 90

1. The Passive Voice Converted Into the Active Voice被动语态转为主动语态 90

2. The Passive Structure Converted Into a Sentence被动结构转为无主句 92

3. The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged被动结构保持不变 92

4. The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures被动语态用其他手段代替 93

II. The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的被动结构 94

1. Chinese Sentences With Passive Labels带有被动态标签的汉语句子 94

2. Chinese Sentences Without Passive Labels不带被动标签的汉语句子 95

3. Chinese Active Structures Converted Into English Passive Structures汉语“主动”结构转为英语被动结构 96

4. Translation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressions一些习惯性汉语表达法的被动译法 96

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 97

UNIT 8 Affirmative vs.Negative肯定与否定 102

I. Negation in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的否定 103

1. Affirmative in English,but Negative in Chinese英语肯定，汉语否定 104

2. Same English Words,but Affirmative in Chinese英语否定，汉语肯定 105

3. Same English Words,with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese同一英语词，既可译作肯定，又可译作否定 105

4. Double Negative for Emphasis表示强调的双重否定 106

5. Roundabout Affirmative转弯抹角的肯定结构 106

6. Some Traps in Negative Structures否定的陷阱 107

II. Negation in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的否定 109

1. Negation According to Usage根据习惯表达采取否定式 109

2. Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect为了强调或从修辞考虑而采取否定式 109

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 110

3. Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning用否定以表达出原文的确切意思 110

UNIT 9 Nominal Clauses 115

I.Translation of English Nominal Clauses英语名词性从句的翻译 116

1. Subject Clause主语从句 116

2. Object Clause宾语从句 117

3. Predicative Clause表语从句 117

4. Appositive Clause同位语从句 118

II.Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences汉语复句的翻译 120

1. Clause Combination句子的合并 120

2. Clause Order句子的次序 122

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 123

UNIT 10 Attributive Clause 128

I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures英汉定语结构的对比 129

II. Restrictive Attributive Clauses限定性定语从句 130

1. Combination合并法 131

2. Division分译法 131

3. Mixture混合法 132

III. Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses非限定性定语从句 134

1. Division分译法 134

2. Combination合并法 136

IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials兼有状语功能的定语从句 136

1. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Cause译作汉语原因状语从句 137

2. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Result译作汉语结果状语从句 137

4. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Condition译作汉语条件状语从句 138

3. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Concession译作汉语让步状语从句 138

5. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Purpose译作汉语目的的状语从句 139

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 139

UNIT 11 Aduverbial Clause状语从句 144

I. Translation of English Adverbial Clauses英语状语从句的翻译 145

1. Adverbial Clauses of Time时间状语从句 145

2. Adverbial Clauses of Place地点状语从句 146

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause原因状语从句 146

4. Adverbial Clauses of Condition条件状语从句 147

5. Adverbial Clauses of Concession让步状语从句 148

6. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose目的状语从句 149

II. Translation of Chinese Adverbial Clauses汉语状语从句的翻译 149

1. Analysis of Subordination分清主从 149

2. Using Inanimate Subjects使用无灵主语 150

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 151

UNIT 12 Long Sentences(a)长句的翻译（1） 156

I. Long Sentences in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的长句处理 157

1. Two Stages and Seven Steps in Translating a Long Sentence长句翻译的两个阶段和七个步骤 158

2. Sample Analysis实例分析 158

II. Long Sentences in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的长句处理 162

III. Methods of Translating Long English Sentences英汉长句的翻译方法 165

1. Embedding内嵌法 165

2. Cutting切分法 166

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 169

UNIT 13 Long Sentences(b)长句的翻译（2） 175

1. Reversing倒置法 176

Methods of Translating Long English Sentences(Continued)英汉长句的翻译方法（续） 176

2. Splitting拆分法 177

3. Inserting插入法 180

4. Recasting重组法 181

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 184

UNIT 14 English for Science and Technology(EST)科技英语的翻译 191

I. English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成 192

1. Affixation缀合法 193

2. Compounding复合法 194

3. Blending缩合法 195

4. Acronym首字母缩略 195

5. Proper Nouns专用名词 197

1. More Long and Complicated Sentences大量使用长句、复杂句 198

II. Characteristic Syntax of EST科技英语的句法特点 198

2. More Nominalization大量使用名词、复杂句 199

3. Extensive Use of the Passive Voice大量使用名词化结构 200

4. More Non-finite Forms of the Verb广泛使用被动语态 200

5. Different Uses of the Tense大量使用非限定动词 201

6. The Post-position of the Attributive时态的不同用法 202

III. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英语的翻译方法 202

1. Expanding the Noun Phrase Into a Separate Clause将名词性短语扩展成汉语句子 202

2. Converting the Non Phrase Into a Verb-object Structure将名词性短语译成动宾结构 203

3. Converting Attributive Elements Into Independent Sentences,Adverbial Clauses,etc.将定语成分译为独立句、状语从句等 203

4. Converting the Passive Into the Active将被动转为主动 203

5. Supplementing Some Necessary Words补充必要的词语 204

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 205

UNIT 15 Translation of Documentation文献的翻译 212

I. Translation of Contracts and Agreements合同与协议的翻译 214

II. Translation of Proposals,Reports and Reviews建议、报告与评论的翻译 217

III. Translation of Patents and Trademarks专利与商标的翻译 221

IV. Translation of Copyright Documents版权文献与标准的翻译 224

V. Translation of Bid-documents招标文献的翻译 226

VI. Translation of Abstracts,Indexes and Bibliographies摘要、索引与文献目录的翻译 229

Reflections and Practice 234

UNIT 16 Comprehensive Abilities through Comparative studies通过比较研究获取翻译的综合能力 241

I. Comparative Studies from a Macroscopic View Point英汉语言宏观对比 243

1. Synthetic vs.Analytic综合性语与分析性语 243

2. Compact vs. Diffusive聚集与流散 243

3. Hypotactic vs.Paratactic形合与意合 244

4. Complex vs.Simplex繁复与简单 245

5. Impersonal vs. Personal物称与人称 245

6. Passive vs.Active被动与主动 246

7. Static vs.Dynamic静态与动态 247

8. Abstract vs.Concrete抽象与具体 247

9. Indirect vs.Direct间接与直接 247

10. Substitutive vs.Repetitive替换与重复 248

II. Practical Abilities Attained from Translation Studies,and Criticism通过翻译研究和批评提高实际运用能力 248

1. Language Sensibility语言感知能力 249

2. Contextual Analysis语境分析能力 251

3. Logical Thinking逻辑思维能力 252

Reflections and Practice思考与练习 255

Appendix 附录A 261

Key to the Exercises练习参考答案 261

Appendix 附录B 318

Translation Works Appreciation and Studies翻译作品欣赏与研究 318

1. English-Chinese Translation英译汉 318

2. Chinese- English Translation汉译英 356

AppendixC附录C 394

Translation Exercises for Independent Work翻译独立作业练习 394

1. English-Chinese Translation英译汉 394

2. Chinese- English Translation汉译英 415

Appendix 附录D 425

Bibliography参考文献 425