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1 TOOLING UP 1

1-1 A Little Background 2

1-2 Fundamental Physical Quantities and Their Units 4

1-3 Accuracy and Significant Figures 9

1-4 Dimensional Analysis 12

1-5 Estimates：How a Little Reasoning Goes a Long Way 14

1-6 Scalars and Vectors 15

Summary 22

Understanding the Concepts， 22

Problems 23

2 STRAIGHT-LINE MOTION 28

2-1 Displacement 28

2-2 Speed and Velocity 31

2-3 Acceleration 36

2-4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 40

2-5 Freely Falling Objects 44

2-6 Integration and Motion in One Dimension 48

Summary 51

Understanding the Concepts， 52

Problems 53

3 MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 60

3-1 Position and Displacement 60

3-2 Velocity and Acceleration 62

3-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration 66

3-4 Projectile Motion 68

3-5 Uniform Circular Motion 74

3-6 Relative Motion 77

Summary 80

Understanding the Concepts， 81

Problems 82

4 NEWTON’S LAWS 87

4-1 Forces and Newton’s First Law 88

4-2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 92

4-3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 97

4-4 Noninertial Frames 99

4-5 Using Newton’s Laws：Identifying Forces and Free-Body Diagrams 103

4-6 Using Newton’s Laws：Finding the Motion 109

Summary 110

Understanding the Concepts， 111

Problems 112

5 APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 119

5-1 Common Forces Revisited 119

5-2 Friction 127

5-3 Drag Forces 133

5-4 Forces and Circular Motion 136

5-5 Fundamental Forces 141

Summary 142

Understanding the Concepts 143

Problems 144

6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 151

6-1 Kinetic Energy，Work，and the Work-Energy Theorem 152

6-2 Constant Forces in More Than One Dimension 159

6-3 Forces That Vary with Position 162

6-4 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 169

6-5 Power 172

6-6 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speeds 174

Summary 175

Understanding the Concepts， 176

Problems 177

7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 183

7-1 Potential Energy and Conservative Forces 184

7-2 Energy Conservation and Allowed Motion 191

7-3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 195

7-4 Is Energy Conservation a General Principle？ 198

Summary 201

Understanding the Concepts， 201

Problems 202

8 LINEAR MOMENTUM，COLLISIONS，AND THE CENTER OF MASS 209

8-1 Momentum and Its Conservation 210

8-2 Collisions and Impulse 212

8-3 Perfectly Inelastic Collisions； Explosions 216

8-4 Elastic Two-Body Collisions in One Dimension 220

8-5 Elastic Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions 223

8-6 Center of Mass 225

8-7 Rocket Motion 234

8-8 Momentum Transfer at High Energies 237

Summary 238

Understanding the Concepts， 239

Problems 240

9 ROTATIONS OF RIGID BODIES 246

9-1 Simple Rotations of a Rigid Body 247

9-2 Rotational Kinetic Energy 251

9-3 Evaluation of Rotational Inertia 253

9-4 Torque 259

9-5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 265

9-6 Rolling 267

Summary 272

Understanding the Concepts， 273

Problems 274

10 MORE ON ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND TORQUE 280

10-1 Generalization of Angular Momentum 280

10-2 Generalization of Torque 285

10-3 The Dynamics of Rotation 288

10-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum 293

10-5 Work and Energy in Angular Motion 298

10-6 Collecting Parallels Between Rotational and Linear Motion 300

10-7 Quantization of Angular Momentum 301

10-8 Precession 302

Summary 305

Understanding the Concepts 306

Problems 307

11 STATICS 313

11-1 Static Conditions for Rigid Bodies 313

11-2 Gravity and Rigid Bodies 316

11-3 Applications of Statics 318

11-4 Solids and How They Respond to Forces 323

Summary 328

Understanding the Concepts 329

Problems 330

12 GRAVITATION 338

12-1 Early Observations of Planetary Motion 339

12-2 Newton’s Inverse-Square Law 340

12-3 Planets and Satellites 345

12-4 Gravitation and Extended Objects 349

12-5 A Closer Look at Gravitation 355

12-6 Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation 357

Summary 359

Understanding the Concepts 360

Problems 361

13 OSCILLATORY MOTION 366

13-1The Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion 367

13-2 A Connection to Circular Motion 370

13-3 Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion 371

13-4 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion 374

13-5 The Simple Pendulum 378

13-6 More About Pendulums 381

13-7 Damped Harmonic Motion 383

13-8 Driven Harmonic Motion 385

Summary 388

Understanding the Concepts 389

Problems 390

14 WAVES 397

14-1 Types of Waves 398

14-2 The Wave Equation 401

14-3 Periodic Waves 403

14-4 Traveling Waves 405

14-5 Energy and Power in Waves 412

14-6 Standing Waves 414

14-7 More About Sound 418

14-8 The Doppler Effect 423

14-9 Shock Waves 426

Summary 428

Understanding the Concepts 429

Problems 430

15 SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE OF WAVES 435

15-1 The Superposition Principle 436

15-2 Standing Waves Through Interference 437

15-3 Beats 439

15-4 Spatial Interference Phenomena 443

15-5 Pulses 446

15-6 Fourier Decomposition of Waves 452

15-7 Pulses and the Uncertainty Principle 454

Summary 456

Understanding the Concepts 457

Problems 457

16PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 462

16-1 States of Matter 462

16-2 Density and Pressure 464

16-3 Pressure in a Fluid at Rest 466

16-4 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 469

16-5 Fluids in Motion 474

16-6 The Equation of Continuity 475

16-7 Bernoulli’s Equation 476

16-8 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 478

16-9 Real Fluids 481

Summary 483

Understanding the Concepts 484

Problems 485

17 TEMPERATURE AND IDEAL GASES 491

17-1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 492

17-2 Ideal Gases and Absolute Temperature 494

17-3 Thermal Expansion 497

17-4 The Equation of State of Gases 499

17-5 Blackbody Radiation 503

Summary 507

Understanding the Concepts 507

Problems 508

18 HEAT FLOW AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 515

18-1 Changes in Thermal Systems 516

18-2 Heat Flow 518

18-3 Heat Flow in Materials 523

18-4 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 526

18-5 Work Done by Thermal Systems 528

18-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 531

18-7 Internal Energy of Ideal Gases 532

18-8 More Applications for Ideal Gases 534

Summary 538

Understanding the Concepts 539

Problems 540

19 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THERMAL PHYSICS 548

19-1 A Microscopic View of Gases 549

19-2 Pressure and Molecular Motion 550

19-3 The Meaning of Temperature 552

19-4 Probability Distributions 554

19-5 The Velocity Distribution of Gases 557

19-6 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 559

19-7 Collisions and Transport Phenomena 562

Summary 566

Understanding the Concepts 567

Problems 567

20 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 573

20-1 Beyond Energy Conservation 574

20-2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 580

20-3 The Carnot Cycle 581

20-4 Other Types of Engines 586

20-5 Entropy and the Second Law 590

20-6 Entropy and Ideal Gases 594

20-7 The Meaning of Entropy 596

Summary 600

Understanding the Concepts 601

Problems 601

21 ELECTRIC CHARGE 609

21-1 Charge—a Property of Matter 609

21-2 Charge Is Conserved and Quantized 616

21-3 Coulomb’s Law 617

21-4 Forces Involving Multiple Charges 621

Summary 626

Understanding the Concepts 627

Problems 628

22 ELECTRIC FIELD 633

22-1 Electric Field 633

22-2 Electric Field Lines 639

22-3 The Field of a Continuous Distribution 642

22-4 Motion of a Charge in a Field 648

22-5 The Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field 650

Summary 653

Understanding the Concepts 654

Problems 655

23 GAUSS’ LAW 661

23-1 What Does Gauss’ Law Do？ 661

23-2 Gauss’ Law 665

23-3 Using Gauss’ Law to Determine Electric Fields 668

23-4 Conductors and Electric Fields 672

23-5 Are Gauss’ and Coulomb’s Laws Correct？ 675

Summary 677

Understanding the Concepts 678

Problems 678

24 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 683

24-1 Electric Potential Energy 684

24-2 Electric Potential 686

24-3 Equipotentials 691

24-4 Determining Fields from Potentials 694

24-5 The Potentials of Charge Distributions 696

24-6 Potentials and Fields Near Conductors 700

24-7 Electric Potentials in Technology 703

Summary 707

Understanding the Concepts 708

Problems 708

25 CAPACITORS AND DIELECTRICS 714

25-1 Capacitance 714

25-2 Energy in Capacitors 718

25-3 Energy in Electric Fields 720

25-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 721

25-5 Dielectrics 723

25-6 The Microscopic Description of Dielectrics 729

Summary 731

Understanding the Concepts 732

Problems 733

26 CURRENTS IN MATERIALS 738

26-1 Electric Current 739

26-2 Currents in Materials 742

26-3 Resistance 745

26-4 Resistances in Series and in Parallel 749

26-5 Free-Electron Model of Resistivity 750

26-6 Materials and Conductivity 752

26-7 Electric Power 755

Summary 758

Understanding the Concepts 759

Problems 760

27 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 766

27-1 EMF 766

27-2 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule 770

27-3 Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule 772

27-4 Measuring Instruments 776

27-5 RC Circuits 779

Summary 783

Understanding the Concepts 783

Problems 784

28 THE EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 791

28-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 792

28-2 Magnetic Force on an Electric Charge 793

28-3 Consequences of the Magnetic Force on a Charge 796

28-4 Magnetic Forces on Currents 804

28-5 Magnetic Force on Current Loops 807

28-6 The Hall Effect 810

Summary 811

Understanding the Concepts 812

Problems 813

29THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 820

29-1 Ampere’s Law 820

29-2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 826

29-3 Solenoids 828

29-4 The Biot-Savart Law 832

29-5 The Maxwell Displacement Current 838

Summary 840

Understanding the Concepts 841

Problems 842

30 FARADAY’S LAW 847

30-1 Faraday’s Discovery and the Law of Induction 848

30-2 Motional EMF 855

30-3 Forces and Energy in Motional EMF 858

30-4 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields 861

30-5 Generators 863

30-6 The Frame Dependence of Fields 864

Summary 865

Understanding the Concepts 865

Problems 866

31 MAGNETISM AND MATTER 873

31-1 The Magnetic Properties of Bulk Matter 874

31-2 Atoms as Magnets 878

31-3 Ferromagnetism 881

31-4 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 884

31-5 Magnetism and Superconductivity 886

31-6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 886

Summary 888

Understanding the Concepts 889

Problems 889

32 INDUCTANCE AND CIRCUIT OSCILLATIONS 893

32-1 Inductance and Inductors 893

32-2 Energy in Inductors 898

32-3 Energy in Magnetic Fields 900

32-4 Time Dependence in RL Circuits 901

32-5 Oscillations in LC Circuits 903

32-6 Damped Oscillations in RLC Circuits 905

32-7 Energy in LC and RLC Circuits 908

Summary 910

Understanding the Concepts 911

Problems 911

33 ALTERNATING CURRENTS 917

33-1 Transformers 917

33-2 Single Elements in AC Circuits 920

33-3 AC in Series RLC Circuits 926

33-4 Power in AC Circuits 929

33-5 Some Applications 931

Summary 935

Understanding the Concepts 936

Problems 937

34MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 943

34-1 Maxwell’s Equations 944

34-2 Electromagnetic Waves 945

34-3 Energy and Momentum Flow 954

34-4 Dipole Radiation 957

34-5 Polarization 959

34-6 Electromagnetic Radiation as Particles 964

Summary 965

Understanding the Concepts 968

Problems 968

35 LIGHT 974

35-1 The Speed of Light 975

35-2 When Can Light Waves Be Treated as Rays？ 977

35-3 Reflection and Refraction 979

35-4 Fermat’s Principle 985

35-5 Dispersion 988

Summary 991

Understanding the Concepts 992

Problems 993

36 MIRRORS AND LENSES AND THEIR USES 998

36-1 Images and Mirrors 998

36-2 Spherical Mirrors 1001

36-3 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces 1009

36-4 Thin Lenses 1014

36-5 Optical Instruments 1018

36-6 Aberration 1022

Summary 1023

Understanding the Concepts 1024

Problems 1025

37 INTERFERENCE 1029

37-1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 1029

37-2 Intensity in the Double-Slit Experiment 1034

37-3 Interference from Reflection 1037

37-4 Interferometers 1042

Summary 1044

Understanding the Concepts 1044

Problems 1045

38 DIFFRACTION 1050

38-1 The Diffraction of Light 1050

38-2 Diffraction Gratings 1052

38-3 Single-Slit Diffraction 1056

38-4 Resolution of Optical Instruments 1059

38-5 Slit Width and Grating Patterns 1062

38-6 X-Ray Diffraction 1062

38-7 Holography 1065

Summary 1067

Understanding the Concepts 1068

Problems 1069

39 SPECIAL RELATIVITY 1073

39-1 Is an Ether Necessary？ 1073

39-2 The Einstein Postulates 1076

39-3 Space，Time，and Simultaneity 1078

39-4 Time Dilation and Length Contraction 1079

39-5 The Relativistic Doppler Shift 1085

39-6 The Lorentz Transformations 1090

39-7 Momentum and Energy in Special Relativity 1096

39-8 Beyond Special Relativity 1101

Summary 1104

Understanding the Concepts 1106

Problems 1106

40 QUANTUM PHYSICS 1112

40-1 The Particle Nature of Radiation 1113

40-2 The Wave Nature of Matter 1118

40-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations 1122

40-4 Quantum Mechanics and Probability 1128

Summary 1130

Understanding the Concepts 1131

Problems 1132

41 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1137

41-1 The Quantization of Energy 1137

41-2 The True Spectrum of Hydrogen 1144

41-3 The Exclusion Principle and Atomic Structure 1147

41-4 Molecular Structure 1151

Summary 1156

Understanding the Concepts 1157

Problems 1157

42QUANTUM EFFECTS IN LARGE SYSTEMS OF FERMIONS AND BOSONS 1162

42-1 The Exclusion Principle in Bulk Matter 1163

42-2 Lasers and the Behavior of Bosons 1169

42-3 Superconductivity 1172

42-4 Superfluidity and Liquid Helium 1176

Summary 1178

Understanding the Concepts 1178

Problems 1179

43 QUANTUM ENGINEERING 1183

43-1 Energy Bands 1184

43-2 Semiconductors 1185

43-3 Semiconductor Structures 1193

43-4 Band-Gap Engineering 1197

43-5 Scanning Microscopy 1199

Summary 1202

Understanding the Concepts 1203

Problems 1203

44 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1207

44-1 Static Properties of Nuclei 1207

44-2 Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Models 1216

44-3 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 1219

44-4 Radioactivity 1220

44-5 Fission and Fusion 1224

44-6 Applications of Nuclear Physics 1227

Summary 1231

Understanding the Concepts 1231

Problems 1232

45 PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGY 1236

45-1 Probing the Structure of Matter 1236

45-2 New Quantum Numbers 1240

45-3 The Fundamental Constituents of Matter：Leptons and Quarks 1244

45-4 The Fundamental Forces and Their Carriers 1246

45-5 The Tools of Particle Physics 1252

45-6 Cosmology and the Expanding Universe 1257

45-7 A Few Last Words 1264

Summary 1264

Understanding the Concepts 1265

Problems 1266

APPENDIX Ⅰ THE SYSTEME INTERNATIONALE （SI） OF UNITS 1271

APPENDIX Ⅱ SOME FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 1272

APPENDIX Ⅲ OTHER PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 1273

APPENDIX Ⅳ MATHEMATICS 1275

APPENDIX Ⅴ PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1278

APPENDIX Ⅵ SIGNIFICANT DATES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS 1279

ANSWERS TO “WHAT DO YOU THINK？” QUESTIONS 1281

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS QUESTIONS 1295

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 1301

PHOTO CREDITS 1323

INDEX 1327