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Ⅰ LAND REVENUE IN BRITISH INDIA AND JAVA 1

Land Revenu in Bengal 1

Munro and the Ryotwari System 5

Minto＇s support of Permanent Zamindari Settlements 7

Munro and the victory of the Ryotwari System 9

The Bengal Revenue System and Dirk van Hogendorp 11

Ⅱ THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LAND RENT SYSTEM IN JAVA 15

Minto＇s Instructions on Land Reform 15

The Appointment of the Mackenzie Land Tenure Commission 18

The Early Meetings of the mackenzie Commission 23

Raffles realizes that reform must proceed slowly 27

Raffles recognizes Chinese proprietorship in the Oosthoek 30

The first Land Settlement—Bantam 33

Crawfurd on the Sultan＇s Territories 36

Raffles suggests the Bantam Settlement for the rest of Java 39

Raffles informs Lord Minto about Land Reform 40

Continuation of Contingents and Forced Deliveries 42

Ⅲ IDEAS ON REFORM 49

Hope，Muntinghe and Goldbach 49

Knops and Lawick van Pabst＇s Report＂Java as it is，＆ as it may be＂ 55

Christiani＇s Advice 61

Rothenbuhler＇s Report 62

Mackenzie＇s Report 68

The Mackenzie Commission and the Sale of Lands 70

Ⅳ THE SALE OF LANDS 72

The Deterioration Finances of Java 72

The Lands Sold 80

(a)The Batavian Regencies and Krawang 80

(b)Semarang 86

(c)Surabaya 88

The Financial Results of the Sale 88

The Question of Forced Services on the Private Estates 89

Ⅴ THE EARLY LAND RENT SETTLEMENTS IN THE TRANSFERRED DISTRICTS AND BANTAM 1812-1813 93

The Transferred Districts 94

Patjitan 95

Kedu 99

Djapan 101

Wirasaba 102

Djipang 102

Wirosari 103

Grobogan 103

Pekalongan 104

Bantam 105

Ⅵ MINUTES AND REPORTS ON THE LAND RENT SYSTEM 1813 113

Raffles＇Minute of May 28，1813 115

Raffles＇Minute of June 14，1813 116

Crawfurd＇s Report on Land Tenures 118

Muntinghe raises objections 119

Raffles aware of objections 120

Mackenzie leaves Java，and the Land Tenure Commission ends its work 121

Ⅶ THE VILLAGE LAND RENT SETTLEMENTS OF 1813 127

Tjirebon 127

Tegal，Brebes and Pemalang 131

Semarang，Kendal and Demak 132

Djapara，Djuwana，Pati and Kudus 134

Surabaya，Gresik，Sidayu，Lamongan，Bangil and Pasuruan 136

Besuki，Probolinggo，Panarukan，Puger and Banjuwangi 137

Raffles reports on the introduction of the land rent system throughout Java 143

Ⅷ RAFFLES＇CONVERSION TO THE RYOTWARI SYSTEM 146

Mackenzie＇s Influence on Raffles 149

Dirk van Hogendorp and Raffles 150

The Influence of Muntinghe on Raffles＇Ideas 154

Raffles＇Conversion to the Ryotwari System 155

Ⅸ THE LAND RENT ASSESSMENTS OF 1813 163

Tjirebon 163

Tegal，Brebes and Pemalang 163

Pekalongan，Ulujami and Batang 164

Kedu 167

Grobogan，Djipang and Wirosari 169

Semarang，Kendal and Demak 170

Pasuruan 171

Besuki，Probolinggo，Panarukan，Puger and Banjuwangi 173

Surabaya and Gresik 174

Rembang，Lasem and Tuban 174

Djapara，Djuwana，Pati and Kudus 175

Ⅹ IDEAS AND REACTIONS 177

Raffles＇Revenue Instructions 177

Bengal＇s reaction to Raffles＇Reforms 179

Raffles defends the new System 182

The Priangan System 184

BIBLIOGRAPHY 188