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Unit 1 Introduction:Translation and Translation Techniques 绪论：翻译与翻译技巧 1

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 1

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 2

Ⅰ．Important Role of Translation　翻译的重要作用 4

Ⅱ．Nature and Scope of Translation　翻译的性质和范围 5

Ⅲ．Principles or Criteria of Translation　翻译的原则标准 6

Ⅳ．Literal Translation and Free Translation　直译与意译 7

Ⅴ．Translation Techniques　翻译技巧种种 11

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 12

Unit 2　Diction　遣词用字 17

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 17

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 18

Ⅰ．Equivalence between English and Chinese at Word Level　英汉词字层次上的对等关系 22

1．Word-for-Word Equivalence　词字对等 22

2．One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning 多词同义 22

3．One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings 一词多义 22

4．Equivalents Interwoven with One Another　词义交织 23

5．Words without Corresponding Equivalents 无相应对等词语 23

Ⅱ．Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of a Given Word　英语词义辨析法 23

1．According to Word Formation　根据构词法确定词义 23

2．According to the References　根据指代关系确定词义 24

3．According to the Context and Collocation 根据上下文或词的搭配确定词义 25

4．According to Different Branches of Learning and Specialties　根据不同学科或专业门类确定词义 26

Ⅲ．Techniques of Translating a Given English Word 英语词语翻译技巧 26

1．Deduction　推演法 27

2．Transplant　移植法 27

3．Extension　引申法 27

4．Substitution　替代法 27

5．Explanation　释义法 28

6．Combination　合并法 28

7．Transliteration　音译法 28

8．Pictographic Translation　图形法 28

Ⅳ．Diction in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的选词用字 29

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 30

Uuit 3　Conversion　转换 33

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 33

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 34

Ⅰ．Conversion in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉的词类转换 37

1．Converting into Verbs　转换成动词 37

2．Converting into Nouns　转换成名词 38

3．Converting into Adjectives　转换成形容词 39

4．Converting into Adverbs　转换成副词 40

5．The Conversion of Sentence Elements　句子成分的转换 40

Ⅱ．Conversions in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的词类转换 41

1．Converting Verbs into Other Parts of Speech 汉语动词转换成其他词类 41

2．Conversions between Different Parts of Speech 各种词类之间的相互转换 42

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 43

Unit 4　Amplification　增词法 45

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 45

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 46

Ⅰ．Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 增词法在英汉翻译中的运用 49

1．Putting in Words Omitted in the Original 加入原文所省略的词语 49

2．Putting in Necessary Connectives　加入必要的连接词语 50

3．Putting in Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 增词以表达复数概念 50

4．Putting in Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 表现不同的时态或先后顺序 50

5．Amplification by Logical Analysis　逻辑性增词 50

6．Amplification for the Purpose of Rhetoric or Coherence 从修辞连贯角度考虑增词 51

7．Amplification by Repetition　重复性增词 51

Ⅱ．Amplification in Chinese-English Translation 增词法在汉英翻译中的运用 51

1．Adding Necessary Pronouns　增添必要的代词 51

2．Adding Necessary Articles　增添必要的冠词 51

3．Adding Necessary Connectives　增添必要的连接词语 52

4．Adding Necessary Prepositions　增添必要的介词 52

5．Adding Necessary Background Words 增添必要的背景词语 52

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 52

Unit 5　Omission　省略法 55

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 55

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 56

Ⅰ．Omission in English-Chinese Translation 省略法在英汉翻译中的运用 59

1．Omitting the Pronoun　代词的省略 59

2．Omitting the Article　冠词的省略 59

3．Omitting the Preposition　介词的省略 60

4．Omitting the Conjunction　连词的省略 60

5．Omitting the Verb　动词的省略 60

6．Omitting the Impersonal Pronoun"it" 非人称代词“it”的省略 60

Ⅱ．Omission in Chinese-English Translation 省略法在汉英翻译中的运用 61

1．Omitting Redundant Words　省略冗词赘语 61

2．Omitting Words of Conceptual Category 省略概念范畴类词语 61

3．Omitting Meticulous Descriptions 省略过详的细节描述 62

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 62

Unit 6　Restructuring　结构调整 65

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 65

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 66

Ⅰ．Different Word Orders in English and Chinese 英汉语言的词序差异 68

1．Different Modes of Thinking　不同的思维模式 68

2．Different Inversion Structures　不同的倒装结构 70

Ⅱ．Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译的结构调整 71

1．Keeping the Original Sequence　保持原文顺序 71

2．Reversing the Original Sequence　颠倒原文顺序 71

3．According to Time Sequence　按时间顺序 72

4．According to Logical Sequence　按逻辑顺序 72

Ⅲ．Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译的结构调整 73

1．Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations 不同的词语习惯表达顺序 73

2．Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的结构调整 73

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 74

Unit 7　Affirmative vs.Negative　肯定与否定 77

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 77

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 78

Ⅰ．Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉的正反交替 80

1．Affirmative in English,but Negative in Chinese 英语为肯定，汉语译作否定 81

2．Negative in English,but Affirmative in Chinese 英语为否定，汉语译作肯定 82

3．Same English Word,Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese　译作肯定否定均可 82

4．Double Negative for Emphasis　强调性双重否定 82

5．Roundabout Affirmative　迂回式肯定 83

6．Some Traps in Negative Structures　否定的陷阱 83

Ⅱ．Negation in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的正反交替 84

1．Negation According to English Usage 根据英语习惯用法译作肯定或否定 85

2．Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect 从强调或修辞角度考虑肯定或否定 85

3．Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning 用正反交替传达原文的确切意思 85

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 85

Unit 8　The Passive Voice　被动语态 89

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 89

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 90

1．The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译的被动语态 94

1．Converting the Passive Voice into the Active 被动语态转为主动语态 94

2．Converting the Passive Voice into a Subjectless Sentence 被动语态转为无主句 95

3．Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged 被动语态保持不变 95

4．Replacing the Passive Voice with Other Means 被动语态用其他手段代替 96

Ⅱ．The Passive Structures in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译的被动结构 96

1．Chinese Sentences with Passive Labels 带有被动标签的汉语句子 97

2．Chinese Sentences without Passive Labels 不带被动标签的汉语句子 97

3．Converting"Active"Structures into the Passive Voice 将主动结构转换为被动 97

4．The Translation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressions 一些汉语习惯表达的译法 98

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 98

Unit 9　Nominal Clauses　名词性从句 103

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 103

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 104

Ⅰ．The Translation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译 106

1．Subject Clauses　主语从句 106

2．Object Clauses　宾语从句 107

3．Predicative Clauses　表语从句 108

4．Appositive Clauses　同位语从句 108

Ⅱ．The Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences 汉语复句的翻译 109

1．Sentence Combination　句子的合并 109

2．Sentence Sequence　句序 110

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 111

Unit 10　Attributive Clauses　定语从句 115

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 115

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 116

Ⅰ．A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures　英汉定语结构的对比 118

Ⅱ．Restrictive Attributive Clauses　限制性定语从句 119

1．Combination　合并法 119

2．Division　分译法 120

3．Mixture　混合法 121

Ⅲ．Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses　非限制性定语从句 121

1．Division　分译法 122

2．Combination　合并法 123

Ⅳ．Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials 兼有状语功能的定语从句 123

1．Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Cause 译作原因句 123

2．Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Result 译作结果句 124

3．Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Concession 译作让步句 124

4．Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Condition 译作条件句 124

5．Translating into Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 译作目的句 124

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 125

Unit 11 Adverbial Clauses　状语从句 129

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 129

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 130

Ⅰ．The Translation of English Adverbial Clauses 英语状语从句的翻译 132

1．Adverbial Clauses of Time　时间状语从句 133

2．Adverbial Clauses of Place　地点状语从句 133

3．Adverbial Clauses of Cause　原因状语从句 134

4．Adverbial Clauses of Condition　条件状语从句 134

5．Adverbial Clauses of Concession　让步状语从句 135

6．Adverbial Clauses of Purpose　目的状语从句 135

Ⅱ．Adverbial Clauses in Chinese Complex Sentences 汉语复句中的状语分句 135

1．Discerning Subordination　分清主从 136

2．Using Inanimate Subjects　使用无灵主语 136

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 137

Unit 12　Long Sentences　长句的翻译 141

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 141

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 142

Ⅰ．Long Sentences in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译的长句处理 144

1．Two Stages and Five Steps 长句翻译的两个阶段和五个步骤 144

2．Sample Analysis　实例分析 144

Ⅱ．Methods of Translating Long English Sentences 英译汉长句的翻译方法 146

1．Embedding　内嵌法 147

2．Dividing　切分法 147

3．Splitting　拆分法 148

4．Inserting　插入法 149

5．Recasting　重组法 150

Ⅲ．Long Sentences in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的长句处理 151

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 153

Unit 13 English for Science and Technology 科技英语的翻译 159

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 159

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 160

Ⅰ．Formation of English Technical Terms 英语技术词语的构成 162

1．Affixation　缀合法 163

2．Compounding　复合法 163

3．Blending　缩合法 164

4．Acronyms　首字母缩略 164

5．Proper Nouns　专有名词 165

Ⅱ．Characteristic Syntax of EST　科技英语的句法特点 166

1．More Long and Complicated Sentences　大量使用长句 166

2．More Nominalization　大量使用名词化结构 167

3．Extensive Use of the Passive Voice 广泛使用被动语态 167

4．More Non-Finite Forms of the Verb 大量使用非限定动词 168

5．Different Uses of the Tense　时态的不同用法 168

6．The Post-Position of the Attributive　定语的后置 168

Ⅲ．Methods of Translating EST　科技英语的翻译方法 169

1．Expanding the Noun Phrase into a Separate Clause 将名词性短语扩展成汉语分句 169

2．Converting the Noun Phrase into a Verb-object Structure 将名词性短语转换成动宾结构 169

3．Converting Attributive Elements into Independent Sentences,Adverbial Clauses,etc． 将定语成分转换成独立句、状语分句等 169

4．Converting the Passive into the Active 将被动转换成主动 170

5．Supplementing Necessary Words to Indicate Different Tenses　增词以表示不同的时态 170

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 170

Unit 14　The Translation of Documentation　文献的翻译 175

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 175

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 176

Ⅰ．The Translation of Contracts and Agreements 合同与协议的翻译 178

Ⅱ．The Translation of Proposals,Reports and Reviews 建议、报告与评论的翻译 180

Ⅲ．The Translation of Patents and Trademarks 专利与商标的翻译 183

Ⅳ．The Translation of Copyright Documents 版权文献的翻译 185

Ⅴ．The Translation of Bid-Documents　招标文献的翻译 186

Ⅵ．The Translation of Abstracts,Indexes and Bibliographies 摘要、索引与文献目录的翻译 188

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 191

Unit 15 Application Documents for Studying Abroad 出国留学申请翻译 197

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 197

Practical Translation Training　实用翻译训练 198

Ⅰ．Asking for Application Forms for Admission 索要入学申请表 199

Ⅱ．Graduation Certification　毕业证明的翻译 200

Ⅲ．Résumé and the Covering Letter 个人简历及附信的翻译 201

Ⅳ．Letters of Recommendation　推荐信的翻译 205

Ⅴ．Personal Statement　自我陈述的翻译 206

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 209

Unit 16 Comprehensive Abilities through Comparative Studies 通过比较研究培养翻译综合能力 213

Highlights of the Unit　单元要点概述 213

Ⅰ．Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages from a Macroscopic View Point　英汉语言宏观对比 214

1．Synthetic vs.Analytic　综合性与分析性 214

2．Compact vs.Diffusive　紧凑与松散 215

3．Hypotactic vs.Paratactic　形合与意合 215

4．Complex vs.Simplex　繁复与简单 215

5．Impersonal vs.Personal　物称与人称 216

6．Passive vs.Active　被动与主动 216

7．Static vs.Dynamic　静态与动态 217

8．Abstract vs.Concrete　抽象与具体 217

9．Roundabout vs.Straightforward　间接与直接 217

10．Substitutive vs.Repetitive　替换与重复 218

Ⅱ．Practical Abilities Attained from Translation Studies and Practice　通过比较研究和实践提高翻译应用能力 218

1．Language Sensibility　语感能力 218

2．Contextual Analysis　语境分析能力 220

3．Logical Thinking　逻辑思维能力 222

Reflections and Practice　思考与练习 224

Appendix A　Translation Exercises for Independent Work 英汉互译独立作业练习 229

Appendix B Keys to Practical Translation Training and Exercises　实用翻译训练及练习参考答案 263

Appendix C Keys to Translation Exercises for Independent Work　英汉互译独立作业练习参考译文 319

Bibliography　参考书目 355