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CHAPTER 1. ATOMS IN MOTION 1

1-1 Introduction 1

1-2 Matter is made of atoms 2

1-3 Atomic processes 5

1-4 Chemical reactions 6

CHAPTER 2. BASIC PHYSICS 11

2-1 Introduction 11

2-2 Physics before 1920 13

2-3 Quantum physics 16

2-4 Nuclei and particles 18

CHAPTER 3. THE RELATION OF PHYSICS TO OTHER SCIENCES 23

3-1 Introduction 23

3-2 Chemistry 23

3-3 Biology 24

3-4 Astronomy 28

3-5 Geology 29

3-6 Psychology 30

3-7 How did it get that way? 31

CHAPTER 4. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 33

4-1 What is energy? 33

4-2 Gravitational potential energy 34

4-3 Kinetic energy 37

4-4 Other forms of energy 38

CHAPTER 5. TIME AND DISTANCE 41

5-1 Motion 41

5-2 Time 41

5-3 Short times 42

5-4 Long times 43

5-5 Units and standards of time 45

5-6 Large distances 45

5-7 Short distances 48

CHAPTER 6. PROBABILITY 51

6-1 Chance and likelihood 51

6-2 Fluctuations 53

6-3 The random walk 55

6-4 A probability distribution 57

6-5 The uncertainty principle 60

CHAPTER 7. THE THEORY OF GRAVITATION 63

7-1 Planetary motions 63

7-2 Kepler's laws 63

7-3 Development of dynamics 64

7-4 Newton's law of gravitation 65

7-5 Universal gravitation 67

7-6 Cavendish's experiment 71

7-7 What is gravity? 71

7-8 Gravity and relativity 73

CHAPTER 8. MOTION 75

8-1 Description of motion 75

8-2 Speed 76

8-3 Speed as a derivative 79

8-4 Distance as an integral 81

8-5 Acceleration 82

CHAPTER 9. NEWTON'S LAWS OF DYNAMIcs 85

9-1 Momentum and force 85

9-2 Speed and velocity 86

9-3 Components of velocity, acceleration, and force 87

9-4 What is the force? 87

9-5 Meaning of the dynamical equations 88

9-6 Nurerical solution of the equations 89

9-7 Planetary motions 90

CHAPTER 10. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM 95

10-1 Newton's Third Law 95

10-2 Conservation of momentum 96

10-3 Momentum is conserved! 99

10-4 Momentum and energy 101

10-5 Relativistic momentum 102

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS 105

11-1 Symmetry in physics 105

11-2 Translations 105

11-3 Rotations 107

11-4 Vectors 109

11-5 Vector algebra 110

11-6 Newton's laws in vector notation 111

11-7 Scalar product of vectors 112

CHAPTER 12. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCE 115

12-1 What is a force? 115

12-2 Friction 117

12-3 Molecular forces 120

12-4 Fundamental forces. Fields 121

12-5 Pseudo forces 124

12-6 Nuclear forces 126

CHAPTER 13. WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY （A） 127

13-1 Energy of a falling body 127

13-2 Work done by gravity 129

13-3 Summation of energy 132

13-4 Gravitational field of large objects 134

CHAPTER 14. WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY （conclusion） 137

14-1 Work 137

14-2 Constrained motion 139

14-3 Conservative forces 139

14-4 Nonconservative forces 142

14-5 Potentials and fields 143

CHAPTER 15. THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 147

15-1 The principle of relativity 147

15-2 The Lorentz transformation 149

15-3 The Michelson-Morley experiment 149

15-4 Transformation of time 151

15-5 The Lorentz contraction 153

15-6 Simultaneity 153

15-7 Four-vectors 154

15-8 Relativistic dynamics 155

15-9 Equivalence of mass and energy 156

CHAPTER 16. RELATIVISRIC ENERGY AND MOMENTUM 159

16-1 Relativity and the philosophers 159

16-2 The twin paradox 161

16-3 Transformation of velocities 162

16-4 Relativistic mass 164

16-5 Relativistic energy 166

CHAPTER 17. SPACE-TIME 169

17-1 The geometry of space-time 169

17-2 Space-time intervals 170

17-3 Past, present, and future 172

17-4 More about four-vectors 173

17-5 Four-vector algebra 175

CHAPTER 18. ROTATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 177

18-1 The center of mass 177

18-2 Rotation of a rigid body 178

18-3 Angular momentum 181

18-4 Conservation of angular momentum 182

CHAPTER 19. CENTER OF MASS; MOMENT OF INERTIA 185

19-1 Properties of the center of mass 185

19-2 Locating the center of mass 188

19-3 Finding the moment of inertia 189

19-4 Rotational kinetic energy 191

CHAPTER 20. ROTATION IN SPACE 195

20-1 Torques in three dimnensions 195

20-2 The rotation equations using cross products 198

20-3 The gyroscope 199

20-4 Angular momentum of a solid body 202

CHAPTER 21. THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 203

21-1 Linear differential equations 203

21-2 The harmonic oscillator 203

21-3 Harmonic motion and circular motion 206

21-4 Initial conditions 206

21-5 Forced oscillations 207

CHAPTER 22. ALGEBRA 209

22-1 Addition and multiplication 209

22-2 The inverse operations 210

22-3 Abstraction and generalization 211

22-4 Approximating irrational numbers 212

22-5 Complex numbers 215

22-6 Imaginary exponents 217

CHAPTER 23. RESONANCE 219

23-1 Complex numbers and harmonic motion 219

23-2 The forced oscillator with damping 221

23-3 Electrical resonance 223

23-4 Resonance in nature 225

CHAPTER 24. TRANSIENTS 229

24-1 The energy of an oscillator 229

24-2 Damped oscillations 230

24-3 Electrical transients 233

CHAPTER 25. LINEAR SYSTEMS AND REVIEW 235

25-1 Linear differential equations 235

25-2 Superposition of solutions 236

25-3 Oscillations in linear systems 239

25-4 Analogs in physics 240

25-5 Series and parallel impedances 242

CHAPTER 26. OPTICS: THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST TIME 245

26-1 Light 245

26-2 Reflection and refraction 246

26-3 Fermat's principle of least time 247

26-4 Applications of Fermat's princlple 249

26-5 A more precise statement of Fermat's principle 251

26-6 How it works 252

CHAPTER 27. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 253

27-1 Introduction 253

27-2 The focal length of a spherical surface 253

27-3 The focal length of a lens 256

27-4 Magnification 257

27-5 Compound lenses 258

27-6 Aberrations 259

27-7 Resolving power 259

CHAPTER 28. ELECIROMAGNETIC RADIATION 261

28-1 Electromagnetism 261

28-2 Radiation 263

28-3 The dipole radiator 265

28-4 Interference 266

CHAPTER 29. INN ERFERENCE 267

29-1 Electromagnetic waves 267

29-2 Energy of radiation 268

29-3 Sinusoidal waves 268

29-4 Two dipole radiators 269

29-5 The mathematics of interference 271

CHAPTER 30. DIFFRACTION 275

30-1 The resultant amplitude due to n equal oscillators 30-1 275

30-2 The diffraction grating 277

30-3 Resolving power of a grating 279

30-4 The parabolic antenna 280

30-5 Colored films; crystals 281

30-6 Diffraction by opaque screens 282

30-7 The field of a plane of oscillating charges 284

CHAPTER 31. THE ORIGIN OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 287

31-1 The index of refraction 287

31-2 The field due to the material 290

31-3 Dispersion 292

31-4 Absorption 294

31-5 The energy carried by an electric wave 295

31-6 Diffraction of light by a screen 296

CHAPTER 32. RADIATION DAMPING. LIGHT SCATTERING 299

32-1 Radiation resistance 299

32-2 The rate of radiation of energy 300

32-3 Radiation damping 301

32-4 Independent sources 303

32-5 Scattering of light 304

CHAPTER 33. POLARIZATION 309

33-1 The electric vector of light 309

33-2 Polarization of scattered light 311

33-3 Birefringence 311

33-4 Polarizers 313

33-5 Optical activity 314

33-6 The intensity of reflected light 315

33-7 Anomalous refraction 317

CHAPTER 34. RELATIVIsTIC EFFECTS IN RADIATION 319

34-1 Moving sources 319

34-2 Finding the “apparent” motion 320

34-3 Synchrotron radiation 321

34-4 Cosmic synchrotron radiation 324

34-5 Bremsstrahlung 324

34-6 The Doppler effect 325

34-7 The ω, k four-vector 327

34-8 Aberration 328

34-9 The momentum of light 328

CHAPTER 35. COLOR VISION 331

35-1 The human eye 331

35-2 Color depends on intensity 332

35-3 Measuring the color sensation 333

35-4 The chromaticity diagram 336

35-5 The mechanism of color vision 337

35-6 Physiochemistry of color vision 339

CHAPTER 36. MECHANISMS OF SEEING 341

36-1 The sensation of color 341

36-2 The physiology of the eye 343

36-3 The rod cells 346

36-4 The compound （insect） eye 346

36-5 Other eyes 349

36-6 Neurology of vision 349

CHAPTER 37. QUANTUM BEHAVIOR 353

37-1 Atomic mechanics 353

37-2 An experiment with bullets 354

37-3 An experiment with waves 355

37-4 An experiment with electrons 356

37-5 The interference of electron waves 357

37-6 Watching the electrons 359

37-7 First principles of quantum mechanics 362

37-8 The uncertainty principle 363

CHAPTER 38. THE RELATION OF WAVE AND PARTICLE VIEWPOINTS 365

38-1 Probability wave amplitudes 365

38-2 Measurement of position and momentum 366

38-3 Crystal diffraction 368

38-4 The size of an atom 369

38-5 Energy levels 371

38-6 Philosophical implications 372

CHAPTER 39. THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 375

39-1 Properties of matter 375

39-2 The pressure of a gas 376

39-3 Compressibility of radiation 380

39-4 Temperature and kinetic energy 380

39-5 The ideal gas law 384

CHAPTER 40. THE PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS 387

40-1 The exponential atmosphere 387

40-2 The Boltzmann law 388

40-3 Evaporation of a liquid 389

40-4 The distribution of molecular speeds 390

40-5 The specific heats of gases 393

40-6 The failure of classical physics 394

CHAPTER 41. THE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT 397

41-1 Equipartition of energy 397

41-2 Thermal equilibrium of radiation 399

41-3 Equipartition and the quantum oscillator 402

41-4 The random walk 404

CHAPTER 42. APPLICATIONS OF KINETIC THEORY 407

42-1 Evaporation 407

42-2 Thermionic emission 410

42-3 Thermal ionization 411

42-4 Chemical kinetics 413

42-5 Einstein's laws of radiation 414

CHAPTER 43. DIFFUSION 417

43-1 Collisions between molecules 417

43-2 The mean free path 419

43-3 The drift speed 420

43-4 Ionic conductivity 422

43-5 Molecular diffusion 423

43-6 Thermal conductivity 425

CHAPTER 44. THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 427

44-1 Heat engines; the first law 427

44-2 The second law 429

44-3 Reversible engines 430

44-4 The efficiency of an ideal engine 433

44-5 The thermodynamic temperature 435

44-6 Entropy 436

CHAPTER 45. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS 441

45-1 Internal energy 441

45-2 Applications 444

45-3 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation 446

CHAPTER 46. RATCHET AND PAWL 451

46-1 How a ratchet works 451

46-2 The ratchet as an engine 452

46-3 Reversibility in mechanics 454

46-4 Irreversibility 455

46-5 Order and entropy 457

CHAPTER 47. SOUND THE WAVE EQUATION 461

47-1 Waves 461

47-2 The propagation of sound 463

47-3 The wave equation 464

47-4 Solutions of the wave equation 466

47-5 The speed of sound 467

CHAPTER 48. BEATS 469

48-1 Adding two waves 469

48-2 Beat notes and modulation 471

48-3 Side bands 472

48-4 Localized wave trains 473

48-5 Probability amplitudes for particles 475

48-6 Waves in three dimensions 477

48-7 Normal modes 478

CHAPTER 49. MODES 481

49-1 The refiection of waves 481

49-2 Confined waves, with natural frequencies 482

49-3 Modes in two dimensions 483

49-4 Coupled pendulums 486

49-5 Linear systems 487

CHAPTER 50. HARMONICS 489

50-1 Musical tones 489

50-2 The Fourier series 490

50-3 Quality and consonance 491

50-4 The Fourier coefficients 493

50-5 The energy theorem 495

50-6 Nonlinear responses 496

CHAPTER 51. WAVES 499

51-1 Bow waves 499

51-2 Shock waves 500

51-3 Waves in solids 502

51-4 Surface waves 505

CHAPTER 52. SYMMETRY IN PHYSICAL LAWS 509

52-1 Symmetry operations 509

52-2 Symmetry in space and time 509

52-3 Symmetry and conservation laws 511

52-4 Mirror reflections 512

52-5 Polar and axial vectors 514

52-6 Which hand is right? 516

52-7 Parity is not conserved！ 516

52-8 Antimatter 518

52-9 Broken symmetries 519