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WhatsInside 1

Preface 1

Preface to the 3rdedition 4

Java 2, JDK 1.4 6

Introduction 9

Prerequisites 10

Learning Java 10

Goals 11

JDK HTMLdocumentation 12

Chapters 13

Exercises 20

The CD ROM 20

Source code 22

Coding standards 24

Java versions 24

Errors 25

Note on the cover design 25

Acknowledgements 26

1: Introductionto Objects 31

The progressof abstraction 32

An objecthas an interface 34

An objectprovides services 37

The hiddenimplementation 38

Reusingthe implementation 40

Inheritance: reusingthe interface 41

ls-a vs is-like-a relationships 45

Whats InsideInterchangeable objectswith polymorphism 47

Abstract base classesand interfaces 51

Object creation,uselifetimes 51

Collections and iterators 53

The singly rooted hierarchy 55

Downcasting vstemplates/generics 56

Ensuring proper cleanup 57

Exception handling:dealing with errors 59

Concurrency 60

Persistence 61

Java and the Internet 61

What is the Web? 61

Client-side programming 64

Server-side programming 71

Applications 72

Why Java succeeds 72

Systems are easier to 72

express and understand 72

Maximal leveragewith libraries 73

Error handling 73

Programming in the large 73

Java vs C++? 74

Summary 75

2: Everythingis an Object 77

You manipulate objectsWith references 77

You must createall the objects 79

Where storage lives 79

Special case: primitive types 80

Arrays in Java 82

You never need to 83

destroy an object 83

Scoping 83

Scope of objects 84

Creating newdata types: class 85

Fields and methods 85

Methods, arguments,and return values 87

The argument list 89

Building a Java program 90

Name visibility 90

Using other components 91

The static keyword 92

Your first Java program 94

Compiling and running 95

Comments and embeddeddocumentation 97

Comment documentation 97

Syntax 98

Embedded HTML 99

Some example tags tooDocumentation example 102

Coding style 103

Summa 104

Exercises 104

3: ControllingProgram Flow 107

Using Java operators 107

Precedence lobAssignment 108

Mathematical operators 111

Auto incrementand decrement 115

Relational operators 117

Logical operators 119

Bitwise operators 122

Shift operators 123

Terna if-else operator 127

The comma operator 128

String operator + 128

Common pitfalls whenusing operators 129

Casting operators 130

Java has no “sizeof 133

Precedence revisited 133

A compendium of operators 134

Execution control 144

true and false 144

if-else 145

return 146

Iteration 147

do-while 148

for 148

break and continue 151

switch 157

Summa 162

Exercises 162

4: Initialization Cleanup 165

Guaranteed initializationwith the constructor 165

Method overloading 168

Distinguishingoverloaded methods 171

Overloading with primitives 172

Overloading on return values 177

Default constructors 178

The this keyword 179

Cleanup: finalizationand garbage collection 183

what is finalize( ) for? 184

You must perform cleanup 185

The termination condition 186

How a garbagecollector works 188

Member initialization 191

Specifying initialization 193

Constructor initialization 194

Array initialization 202

Multidimensional arrays 208

Summa 211

Exercises 212

5: Hiding theImplementation 215

package: the libra unit 216

Creating uniquepackage names 218

A custom tool libra 222

Using importsto change behavior 224

Package caveat 224

Java access speciers 224

Package access 225

public: interface access 226

private:you cant touch that! 228

protected:inheritance access 229

Interfaceand implementation 231

Class access 232

Summa 236

Exercises 237

6: Reusing Classes 241

Composition syntax 241

Inheritance syntax 245

Initializing the base class 248

Combining compositionand inheritance 250

Guaranteeing proper cleanup 252

Name hiding 256

Choosing compositionvs inheritance 258

protected 260

Incrementaldevelopment 261

Upcasting 262

Why “upcasting”? 263

The nal keyword 264

Final data 264

Final methods 269

Final classes 271

Final caution 272

Initializationand class loading 273

Initialization with inheritance 274

Summary 275

Exercises 276

7: Polymorphism 279

Upcasting revisited 279

Forgetting the object type 282

The twist 283

Method-call binding 284

Producing the right behavior 284

Extensibility 288

Pitfall: “overriding” privatemethods 292

Abstract classesand methods 293

Constructors andpolymorphism 297

order of constructor calls 298

Inheritance and cleanup 300

Behavior of polymorphicmethods inside constructors 303

Designingwith inheritance 306

Pure inheritancevs extension 308

Downcasting andrun-time type identication 310

Summary 312

Exercises 313

8: Interfaces Inner Classes 315

Interfaces 315

“Multiple inheritance” in Java 319

Extending an interfacewith inheritance 323

Grouping constants 324

Initializing eldsin interfaces 327

Nesting interfaces 328

Inner classes 331

Inner classes and upcasting 333

Inner classes in methodsand scopes 335

Anonymous inner classes 338

The link to the outer class 342

Nested classes 344

Referring to theouter class object 347

Reaching outward from amultiply-nested class 348

Inheriting from inner classes 349

Can inner classesbe overridden? 350

Local inner classes 352

Inner class identiers 354

Why inner classes? 354

ClosuresCallbacks 357

Inner classes control frameworks 360

Summary 367

Exercises 367

9: Error Handlingwith Exceptions 371

Basic exceptions 372

Exception arguments 373

Catching an exception 374

The try block 374

Exception handlers 375

Creating yourown exceptions 376

The exceptionspecication 381

Catching any exception 382

Rethrowing an exception 384

Exception chaining 388

StandardJava exceptions 392

The special case ofRuntimeException 392

Performing cleanupwith finally 394

Whats nay for? 396

Pitfall: the lost exception 399

Exception restrictions 400

Constructors 404

Exception matching 408

Alternative approaches 409

History 410

Perspeives 412

Passing exceptionsto the console 415

Converting checkedto unchecked exceptions 416

Exception guidelines 418

Summa 419

Exercises 419

10: Detecting pes 423

The need for RI 423

The Class object 426

Checking before a cast 429

RTT1 syntax 441

Reection: run timeclass information 444

A class method extractor 446

Summa 450

Exercises 451

11: Collectionsof Objects 453

Arrays 453

Arrays are rst-class objects 455

Returning an array 458

The Arrays class46o 469

Filling an array 469

Copying an array 470

Comparing arrays 472

Array element comparisons 473

Sorting an array 476

Searching a sorted array 478

Array summa 480

Introductionto containers 481

Printing containers 482

Filling containers 484

Container disadvantage:unknown type 491

Sometimes it works anyway 493

Making a type-consciousArrayList 495

Iterators 497

Container taxonomy 501

Collection functionality 505

List functionality 509

Making a stackfrom a LinkedList 513

Making a queuefrom a LinkedList 514

Set functionality 515

Sortedset 519

Map functionality 520

SortedMap 525

LinkedHashMap 527

Hashing and hash codes 529

Overriding hashCode 545

Holding references 545

The WeakHashMap 547

Iterators revisited 549

Choosingan implementation 550

Choosing between Lists 551

Choosing between Sets 554

Choosing between Maps 557

Sorting andsearching Lists 560

Utilities 561

Making a Collectionor Map unmodiable 564

Synchronizing aCollection or Map 566

Unsupported operations 567

Java 10/11 containers 570

VectorEnumeration 570

Hashtable 571

Stack 572

Bitset 573

Summa 575

Exercises 576

12: The Javal/O System 583

The File class 584

A directo lister 584

Checking for andcreating directories 588

Input and output 590

Types of InputStream 591

Types of Outputstream 593

Adding aributesand useful interfaces 594

Reading from an InputStreamwith FilterInputStream 595

Writing to an OutputStreamwith FilterOutputStream 597

Readers Writers 598

Sources and sinks of data 599

Modifying stream behavior 600

Unchanged Classes 601

Off by itself:RandomAccessFile 602

Typical usesof l/O streams 603

Input streams 605

Output streams 608

Piped streams 610

File reading writing utilities : 610

Standard l/O 612

Reading from standard input 612

Changing Systemoutto a PrintWriter 613

Redirecting standard l/O 613

New l/O 615

Converting data 619

Fetching primitives 623

View buffers 625

Data manipulationwith buers 630

Buffer details 632

Memo-mapped les 636

File locking 640

Compression 643

Simple compressionwith GZIP 644

Multile storage with Zip 645

Java ARchives (JARs) 648

Object serialization 650

Finding the class 654

Controlling serialization 656

Using persistence 665

Preferences 673

Regular expressions 675

Creating regular expressions 675

Quantifiers 677

Paern and Matcher 679

split( ) 688

Replace operations 689

reset( ) 691

Regular expressionsand Java l/O 692

Is StringTokenizer needed? 693

Summary 694

Exercises 695

13: Concurrency 699

Motivation 700

Basic threads 701

Yielding 704

Sleeping 705

Priority 708

Daemon threads 710

Joining a thread 713

Coding variations 715

Creating responsiveuser interfaces 722

Sharinglimited resources 723

Improperlyaccessing resources 723

Colliding over resources 729

Resolving sharedresource contention 731

Critical sections 738

Thread states 744

Becoming blocked 745

Cooperationbetween threads 745

Wait and notify 745

Using Pipes for l/Obetween threads 750

Mo sophisticatedcooperation 752

Deadlock 752

The proper way to stop 758

Interrupting ablocked thread 759

Thread groups 760

Summa 761

Exercises 762

14: CreatingWindows Applets 765

The basic applet 768

Applet restrictions 768

Applet advantages 769

Application frameworks 770

Running applets insidea Web browser 771

Using Appletuiewer 773

Testing applets 774

Running appletsfrom the command line 775

A display framework 777

Making a button 779

Capturing an event 780

Text areas 783

Controlling layout 785

BorderLayout 786

FIowlayout 787

Gridlayout 788

GridBagLayout 788

Absolute positioning 789

BoxLayout 789

The best approach? 793

The Swing event model 793

Event and listener types 794

Tracking multiple events 801

A catalog ofSwing components 804

Buons 805

Icons 808

Tool tips 810

Text elds 810

Borders 812

JScrolIPanes 814

A mini-editor 816

Check boxes 817

Radio buttons 819

Combo boxes(drop-down lists) 820

List boxes 821

Tabbed panes 824

Message boxes 825

Menus 827

Pop-up menus 834

Drawing 835

Dialog Boxes 838

File dialogs 843

HTML on Swing components 845

Sliders and progress bars 846

Trees 847

Tables 850

Selecting Look Feel 852

The clipboard 854

Packaging an appletinto a JAR le 857

Signing applets 858

JNLP andJava Web Start 863

Programmingtechniques 869

Binding events dynamically 870

Separating business logicfrom Ul logic 872

A canonical form 874

Concurrency Swing 875Runnable revisited 875

Managing concurrency 878

Visual programmingand JavaBeans 882

What is a JavaBean? 883

Extracting BeanInfowith the Introspector 886

A more sophisticated Bean 892

JavaBeansand synchronization 896

Packaging a Bean 9otMore complex Bean suppo 902

More to Beans 903

Summa 904

Exercises 905

15: DiscoveringProblems 909

Unit Testing 911

A Simple Testing Framework 913

JUnit 925

Improving reliabilitywith assertions 930

Asseion syntax 931

Using Assertions forDesign by Contract 934

Example: DBC +white-box unit testing 938

Building with Ant 944

Automate everything 944

Problems with make 945

Ant: the defacto standard 946

Version control with CVS 950

Daily builds 953

Logging 954

Logging Levels 956

LogRecords 959

Handlers 961

Filters 966

Formatters 968

Example: Sending emailto report log messages 969

Controlling Logging Levelsthrough Namespaces 972

Logging Practicesfor Large Pjects 974

Summa 978

Debugging 978

Debugging with JDB 978

Graphical debuggers 984

Proling and optimizing 985

Trackingmemo consumption 985

Tracking CPU usage 986

Coverage testing 986

JVM Profiling Interface 986

Using HPROF 987

Thread performance 989

Optimization guidelines 990

Doclets 991

Summa 993

Exercises 995

16: Analysisand Design 997

Methodology 997

Phase o: Make a plan 1000

The mission statement 1000

Phase 1:What are we making? 1001

Phase 2:How will we build it? 1005

Five stages of object design 1007

Guidelines forobject development 1008

Phase 3: Build the Core 1009

Phase 4:Iterate the use cases 1010

Phase 5: Evolution 1010

Plans pay o 1012

Extreme Programming 1013

Write tests first 1013

Pair programming 1015

Strategies for transition 1016

Guidelines 1017

Management obstacles 1018

Summary 1020

A: Passing Returning Objects 1021

Passing referencesaround 1022

Aliasing 1022

Making local copies 1025

Pass by value 1026

Cloning objects 1026

Adding cloneabihtyto a class 1028

Successful cloning 1030

The effect ofObjectclone( ) 1032

Cloning a composed object 1035

A deep copywith ArrayList 1038

Deep copy via serialization 1040

Adding cloneabilityfarther down a hierarchy 1042

Why this strange design? 1043

Controllingcloneability 1044

The copy constructor 1049

Read-only classes 1054

Creating read-only classes 1056

The drawbackto immutability 1057

Immutable Strings 1060

The String andStringBuer classes 1063

Strings are special 1067

Summa 1067

Exercises 1069

B: Java ProgrammingGuidelines 1071

Design 1071

Implementation 1078

C: Supplements 1085

Foundations for Javaseminar-on-CD 1085

Thinking in Javaseminar 1085

Hands-On Java seminar-on-CD 3rd edition 1086

Designing Objects Systems seminar 1086

Thinking inEnterprise Java 1087

The J2EE seminar 1088

Thinking in Paerns(with Java) 1088

Thinking in Patternsseminar 1089

Design consultingand reviews 1089

D: Resources 1091

Soware 1091

Books 1091

Analysis design 1092

Python 1095

My own list of books 1095

Index 1097