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PARTⅠ Speaking and Listening 2

1 Speaking in Public 2

The Power of Public Speaking 4

The Tradition of Public Speaking 6

Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation 6

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation 9

Developing Confidence：Your Speech Class 9

Nervousness Is Normal 10

Dealing with Nervousness 11

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking 16

The Speech Communication Process 17

Speaker 17

Message 18

Channel 18

Listener 19

Feedback 20

Interference 20

Situation 21

The Speech Communication Process：Example with Commentary 22

Public Speaking in a Multicultural World 22

Cultural Diversity in the Modern World 22

Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking 24

Avoiding Ethnocentrism 25

2 Ethics and Public Speaking 32

The Importance of Ethics 34

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 36

Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound 36

Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech 37

Be Honest in What You Say 38

Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 39

Put Ethical Principles into Practice 40

Plagiarism 42

Global Plagiarism 43

Patchwork Plagiarism 43

Incremental Plagiarism 45

Plagiarism and the Internet 46

Guidelines for Ethical Listening 47

Be Courteous and Attentive 47

Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 48

Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas 48

3 Listening 54

Listening Is Important 54

Listening and Critical Thinking 57

Four Causes of Poor Listening 58

Not Concentrating 58

Listening Too Hard 59

Jumping to Conclusions 60

Focusing on Deliveand Personal Appearance 61

How to Become a Better Listener 62

Take Listening Seriously 62

Bean Active Listener 62

Resist Distractions 64

Don’t Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery 65

Suspend Judgment 66

Focus Your Listening 66

Develop Note-Taking Skills 68

APPENDIX Giving Your First Speech 73

Preparing Your Speech 74

Developing the Speech 74

Organizing the Speech 75

Delivering Your Speech 78

Speaking Extemporaneously 78

Rehearsing the Speech 79

Presenting the Speech 80

Sample Speeches with Commentary 81

PART Ⅱ Speech Preparation：Getting Started 84

4 Selecting a Topic and Purpose 84

Choosing a Topic 86

Topics You Know a Lot About 87

Topics You Want to Know More About 88

Brainstorming for Topics 89

Determining the General Purpose 93

Determining the Specific Purpose 93

Tips for Formulating the Specific Purpose Statement 95

Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose 98

Phrasing the Central Idea 100

What Is the Central Idea？ 100

Guidelines for the Central Idea 102

5 Analyzing the Audience 108

Audience-Centeredness 110

Your Classmates as an Audience 112

The Psychology of Audiences 113

Demographic Audience Analysis 114

Age 115

Gender 116

Sexual Orientation 117

Racial，Ethnic，and Cultural Background 118

Religion 120

Group Membership 121

Situational Audience Analysis 121

Size 122

Physical Setting 122

Disposition Toward the Topic 123

Disposition Toward the Speaker 125

Disposition Toward the Occasion 125

Getting Information About the Audience 127

Interviewing 127

Questionnaires 127

Adapting to the Audience 130

Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 130

Audience Adaptation During the Speech 131

6 Gathering Materials 136

Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience 138

Doing Library Research 139

Librarians 139

The Catalogue 139

Periodical Databases 140

Newspapers 143

Reference Works 144

Searching the Internet 147

Search Aids 147

Keyword Searches 150

Subject Searches 151

Bookmarks 152

Specialized Research Resources 152

Evaluating Internet Documents 155

Citing Internet Sources 157

Interviewing 158

Before the Interview 158

During the Interview 160

After the Interview 162

Tips for Doing Research 163

Start Early 163

Make a Preliminary Bibliography 163

Take Notes Efficiently 165

Think About Your Materials as You Research 167

7 Supporting Your Ideas 172

Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking 175

Examples 175

Brief Examples 176

Extended Examples 177

Hypothetical Examples 177

Tips for Using Examples 178

Statistics 180

Understanding Statistics 182

Tips for Using Statistics 184

Where to Find Statistics 188

Testimony 189

Expert Testimony 189

Peer Testimony 190

Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 191

Tips for Using Testimony 191

Sample Speech with Commentary 194

PART Ⅲ Speech Preparation：Organizing and Outlining 200

8 Organizing the Body of the Speech 200

Organization Is Important 202

Main Points 203

Number of Main Points 205

Strategic Order of Main Points 206

Tips for Preparing Main Points 211

Supporting Materials 213

Connectives 215

Transitions 215

Internal Previews 216

Internal Summaries 216

Signposts 217

9 Beginning and Ending the Speech 222

The Introduction 224

Get Attention and Interest 224

Reveal the Topic 232

Establish Credibility and Goodwill 233

Preview the Body of the Speech 234

Sample Introduction with Commentary 236

Tips for Preparing the Introduction 237

The Conclusion 237

Signal the End of the Speech 237

Reinforce the Central Idea 239

Sample Conclusion with Commentary 242

Tips for Preparing the Conclusion 243

10 Outlining the Speech 246

The Preparation Outline 248

Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 248

Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 253

The Speaking Outline 256

Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 256

Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 259

Part Ⅳ Presenting the Speech 264

11 Using Language 264

Language Is Important 266

Meanings of Words 268

Using Language Accurately 269

Using Language Clearly 271

Use Familiar Words 271

Choose Concrete Words 273

Eliminate Clutter 274

Using Language Vividly 276

Imagery 276

Rhythm 279

Using Language Appropriately 282

Appropriateness to the Occasion 282

Appropriateness to the Audience 282

Appropriateness to the Topic 283

Appropriateness to the Speaker 284

A Note on Inclusive Language 284

12 Delivery 292

What Is Good Delivery？ 294

Methods of Delivery 295

Reading from a Manuscript 295

Reciting from Memory 296

Speaking Impromptu 296

Speaking Extemporaneously 298

The Speaker’s Voice 299

Volume 299

Pitch 300

Rate 300

Pauses 301

Vocal Variety 302

Pronunciation 303

Articulation 304

Dialect 305

The Speaker’s Body 306

Personal Appearance 307

Movement 308

Gestures 308

Eye Contact 309

Practicing Delivery 310

Answering Audience Questions 311

Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 312

Managing the Question-and-Answer Session 313

13 Using Visual Aids 320

Advantages of Visual Aids 322

Kinds of Visual Aids 323

Objects 323

Models 324

Photographs 325

Drawings 325

Graphs 327

Charts 329

Video 329

Transparencies 330

Multimedia Presentations 330

The Speaker 332

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 332

Prepare Visual Aids in Advance 332

Keep Visual Aids Simple 333

Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 333

Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 334

Use a Limited Number of Fonts 335

Use Color Effectively 336

Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids 336

Avoid Using the Chalkboard for Visual Aids 337

Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 337

Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 337

Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 338

Talk to Your Audience，Not to Your Visual Aid 338

Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 338

Practice with Your Visual Aids 339

APPENDIX Using PowerPoint 343

Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint 344

Planning to Use PowerPoint 344

Getting Started in PowerPoint 345

Screen Elements 345

Templates 346

Slide Layouts 347

Elements of PowerPoint Slides 348

Text 349

Photographs 349

Clip Art 350

Graphs 350

Sounds 350

Video 351

Formatting Slides 352

Color 352

Fonts 353

Space 354

Animation 355

Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint 355

Recheck Your Slides 356

Know Slide Show Commands 356

Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint 357

Display Slides Only While Discussing Them 358

Check the Room and Equipment 358

Develop a Backup Plan 359

Copyright and Fair Use 359

Sample Speech with Commentory 360

PART Ⅴ Varieties of Public Speaking 364

14 Speaking to Inform 364

Types of Informative Speeches：Analysis and Organization 367

Speeches About Objects 367

Speeches About Processes 369

Speeches About Events 372

Speeches About Concepts 374

Guidelines for Informative Speaking 376

Don’t Overestimate What the Audience Knows 376

Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience 378

Don’t Be Too Technical 380

Avoid Abstractions 382

Personalize Your Ideas 384

Sample Speech with Commentary 385

15 Speaking to Persuade 392

The Importance of Persuasion 394

Ethics and Persuasion 395

The Psychology of Persuasion 396

The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking 396

How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages 397

The Target Audience 399

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 400

What Are Questions of Fact？ 400

Analyzing Questions of Fact 400

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 401

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 403

What Are Questions of Value？ 403

Analyzing Questions of Value 403

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 404

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 405

What Are Questions of Policy？ 405

Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 406

Analyzing Questions of Policy 408

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 410

Sample Speech with Commentary 417

16 Methods of Persuasion 426

Building Credibility 428

Factors of Credibility 429

Types of Credibility 430

Enhancing Your Credibility 431

Using Evidence 433

How Evidence Works：A Case Study 434

Tips for Using Evidence 435

Reasoning 437

Reasoning from Specific Instances 438

Reasoning from Principle 440

Causal Reasoning 443

Analogical Reasoning 444

Fallacies 445

Appealing to Emotions 448

What Are Emotional Appeals？ 449

Generating Emotional Appeal 450

Ethics and Emotional Appeal 452

Sample Speech with Commentary 453

17 Speaking on Special Occasions 462

Speeches of Introduction 464

Speeches of Presentation 467

Speeches of Acceptance 468

Commemorative Speeches 469

After-Dinner Speeches 472

18 Speaking in Small Groups 478

What Is a Small Group？ 480

Leadership in Small Groups 481

Kinds of Leadership 481

Functions of Leadership 482

Responsibilities in a Small Group 484

Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group 484

Fulfill Individual Assignments 485

Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 486

Encourage Full Participation 488

Keep the Discussion on Track 488

The Reflective-Thinking Method 490

Define the Problem 490

Analyze the Problem 491

Establish Criteria for Solutions 492

Generate Potential Solutions 493

Select the Best Solution 494

Presenting the Recommendations of the Group 495

Oral Report 495

Symposium 496

Panel Discussion 496