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物理学原理 下pdf电子书版本下载
- 赛尔维 朱厄特著 著
- 出版社： 清华大学出版社
- ISBN：7302076359
- 出版时间：2004
- 标注页数：546页
- 文件大小：115MB
- 文件页数：40041115页
- 主题词：物理学－英文
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图书目录
VOLUME 1 1
An Invitation to Physics 1
1 Introduction and Vectors 5
1.1 Standards of Length，Mass，and Time 5
1.2 Density and Atomic Mass 9
1.3 Dimensional Analysis 10
1.4 Conversion of Units 11
1.5 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 12
1.6 Significant Figures 13
1.7 Coordinate Systems 15
1.8 Vectors and Scalars 16
1.9 Some Properties of Vectors 18
1.10 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 20
1.11 Modeling， Alternative Representations，and Problem-Solving Strategy 25
Summary 30
Context 1 Mission to Mars 38
2 Motion in One Dimension 40
2.1 Average Velocity 41
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 44
2.3 Analysis Models—The Particle Under Constant Velocity 49
2.4 Acceleration 51
2.5 Motion Diagrams 54
2.6 The Particle Under Constant Acceleration 56
2.7 Freely Falling Objects 60
2.8 Context Connection—Liftoff Acceleration 65
Summary 66
3 Motion in Two Dimensions 75
3.1 The Position， Velocity， and Acceleration Vectors 75
3.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 78
3.3 Projectile Motion 80
3.4 The Particle in Uniform Circular Motion 87
3.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration 90
3.6 Relative Velocity 91
3.7 Context Connection—Circular Orbits 94
Summary 96
4 The Laws of Motion 106
4.1 The Concept of Force 106
4.2 Newton’s First Law 108
4.3 Inertial Mass 110
4.4 Newton’s Second Law—The Particle tnder a Net Force 111
4.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight 114
4.6 Newton’s Third Law 116
4.7 Applications of Newton’s Laws 119
4.8 Context Connection—Controlling the Spacecraft in Empty Space 127
Summary 129
5 More Applications of Newton’s Laws 139
5.1 Forces of Friction 139
5.2 Newton’s Second Law Applied to a Particle in Uniform Circular Motion 147
5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion 154
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces 156
5.5 Numerical Representations of Particle Dynamics 159
5.6 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 162
5.7 The Gravitational Field 165
5.8 Context Connection—The Effect of Gravity on Our Spacecraft 166
Summary 167
6 Energy and Energy Transfer 177
6.1 Systems and Environments 178
6.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 178
6.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 182
6.4 Work Done by a Varyng Force 184
6.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work—Kinetic Energy Theorem 188
6.6 The Nonisolated System 191
6.7 Situations Involving Kinetic Fricton 196
6.8 Power 198
6.9 Context Connection —A Probe to the Sun 200
Summary 202
7 Potential Energy 210
7.1 Potential Energy of a System 210
7.2 The Isolated System 212
7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 217
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 223
7.5 The Nonisolated System in Steady State 224
7.6 Potential Energy for Gravitational and Electric Forces 226
7.7 Energy Diagrams and Stability of Equilibrium 229
7.8 Context Connection—Escape Speed from the Sun 231
Summary 232
8 Momentum and Collisions 243
8.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation 243
8.2 Impulse and Momentum 248
8.3 Collisions 251
8.4 Two-Dimensional Collisions 257
8.5 The Center of Mass 260
8.6 Motion of a System of Particles 264
8.7 Context Connection—Rocket Propulsion 267
Summary 269
9 Relativity 279
9.1 The Principle of Newtonian Relativity 280
9.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 282
9.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 283
9.4 Consequences of Special Relativity 284
9.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 293
9.6 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton’s Laws 296
9.7 Relativistic Energy 297
9.8 Mass and Energy 300
9.9 General Relativitv 301
9.10 Context Connection—From Mars to the Stars 304
Summary 305
10 Rotational Motion 312
10.1 Angular Speed and Angular Acceleration 313
10.2 Rotational Kinematics—The Rigid Body Under Constant Angular Acceleration 317
10.3 Relations Between Rotational andTranslational Quantities 319
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy 321
10.5 Torque and the Vector Product 325
10.6 The Rigid Body in Equilibrium 329
10.7 The Rigid Body Under a Net Torque 332
10.8 Angular Momentum 337
10.9 Conservation of Angular Momentum 340
10.10 Precessional Motion of Gyroscopes 343
10.11 Rolling of Rigid Bodies 344
10.12 Context Connection—Gyroscopes in Space 347
Summary 349
11 Gravity， Planetary Orbits， and the Hydrogen Atom 363
11.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Revisited 364
11.2 Structural Models 369
11.3 Kepler’s Laws 370
11.4 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 375
11.5 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 381
11.6 Context Connertion—Changing from a Circular to an Elliptical Orbit 387
Summary 389
Context 1 Conclusion A Successful Mission Plan 397
Context 2 Earthquakes 402
12 Oscillatoty Motion 404
12.1 Motion of a Particle Attached to a Spring 405
12.2 Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion 406
12.3 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion 413
12.4 The Simple Pendulum 417
12.5 The Physical Pendulum 419
12.6 Damped Oscillations 421
12.7 Forced Oscillations 422
12.8 Context Connection—Resonance in Structures 423
Summary 425
13 Mechanical Waves 434
13.1 Propagation of a Disturbance 435
13.2 The Wave Model 439
13.3 The Traveling Wave 441
13.4 The Speed of Transverse Waves on Strings 445
13.5 Ref lection and Transmission of Waves 448
13.6 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings 450
13.7 Sound Waves 452
13.8 The Doppler Effect 454
13.9 Context Connection—Seismic Waves 459
Summary 462
14 Superposition and Standing Waves 470
14.1 The Principle of Superposition 471
14.2 Interference of Waves 473
14.3 Standing Waves 476
14.4 Standing Waves in Strings 479
14.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns 483
14.6 Beats： Interference in Time 486
14.7 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns 488
14.8 Context Connection—Building on Antinodes 492
Summary 494
Context 2 Conclusion Minimizing the Risk 503
Context 3 Search for the Titanic 506
15 Fluid Mechanics 508
15.1 Pressure 509
15.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 511
15.3 Pressure Measurements 515
15.4 Buoyant Forces and Arch imedes’s Pnnciple 516
15.5 Fluid Dynamics 521
15.6 Streamlines and the Continuity Equation for Fluids 522
15.7 Bernoulli’s Principle 524
15.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 527
15.9 Context Connection—A Near Miss Even Before Leaving Southampton 528
Summary 530
Context 3 Conclusion Finding and Visiting the Titanic 541
VOLUME 2 546
Context 4 Global Warming 546
16 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases 548
16.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodvnamics 549
16.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 550
16.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 555
16.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 562
16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Cases 564
16.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 570
16.7 Context Connection—The Atmospheric Lapse Rate 572
Summary 574
17 Energy in Thermal Processes：The First Law of Thermodynamics 582
17.1 Heat and Internal Energy 583
17.2 Specific Heat 585
17.3 Latent Heat and Phase Changes 588
17.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 592
17.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 595
17.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 597
17.7 Molar Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 601
17.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 603
17.9 Molar Specific Heats and the Equipartition of Energy 605
17.10 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes 608
17.11 Context Connection—Energy Balance for the Earth 614
Summary 616
18 Heat Engines，Entropy， and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 628
18.1 Heat Engines and，the Second Law of Thermodynamics 629
18.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 632
18.3 The Carnot Engine 632
18.4 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 635
18.5 An Alternative Statement of the Second Law 637
18.6 Entropy 638
18.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 643
18.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversiblc Proccsscs 646
18.9 Context Connection—The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine 648
Summary 650
Context 4 Conclusion Predicting the Correct Surface Temperature 659
Context 5 Lightning 664
19 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 666
19.1 Historical Oveniew 667
19.2 Properties of Electric Charges 667
19.3 Insulators and Conductors 669
19.4 Coulomb’s Law 671
19.5 Electric Fields 674
19.6 Electtic Field Lines 681
19.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 683
19.8 Electric Flux 686
19.9 Gauss’s Law 689
19.10 Application of Gauss’s Law to Symmetric Charge Distributions 691
19.11 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 695
19.12 Context Connection—The Atmospheric Electric Field 697
Summary 699
20 Electric Potential and Capacitance 709
20.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential 710
20.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field 712
20.3 Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy Due to Point Charges 715
20.4 Obtaining Electric Field from Electric Potential 718
20.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions 720
20.6 Electric Potential of a Charged Conductor 723
20.7 Capacitance 725
20.8 Combinations of Capacitors 730
20.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 734
20.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics 737
20.11 Context Connection—The Atmosphere as a Capacitor 743
Summary 744
21 Current and Direct Current Circuits 756
21.1 Electric Current 757
21.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 760
21.3 Superconductors 766
21.4 A Structural Model for Electrical Conduction 768
21.5 Electric Energy and Power 771
21.6 Sources of emf 774
21.7 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 776
21.8 Kirchhoff’s Rules and Simple DC Circuits 782
21.9 RCCircuits 786
21.10 Context Connection—The Atmosphere as a Conductor 791
Summary 792
Context 5 Conclusion Modeling the Atmosphere to Determine the Number of Lightning Strikes 803
Context 6 Magnetic Levitation Vehicles 806
22 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields 808
22.1 Historical Overview 809
22.2 The Magnetic Field 810
22.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 815
22.4 Applications of the Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field 818
22.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 821
22.6 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field 824
22.7 The Biot-Savart Law 826
22.8 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors 830
22.9 Ampere’s Law 831
22.10 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 835
22.11 Magnetism in Matter 836
22.12 Context Connection—The Attractive Model for Magnetic Levitation 838
Summary 840
23 Faraday’s Law and Inductance 852
23.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 852
23.2 Motional emf 859
23.3 Lenz’s Law 863
23.4 Induced emfs and Electric Fields 867
23.5 Self-Inductance 869
23.6 RL Circuits 872
23.7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 876
23.8 Context Connection—The Repulsive Model for Magnetic Levitation 879
Summary 881
Context 6 Conclusion Propelling and Braking the Vehicle 893
Context 7 Lasers 896
24 Electromagnetic Waves 898
24.1 Displacement Current and the Generalized Ampere’s Law 899
24.2 Maxwell’s Equations 900
24.3 Electromagnetic Waves 901
24.4 Hertz’s Discoveries 906
24.5 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves 910
24.6 Momentum and Radiation Pressure 912
24.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 916
24.8 Polarization 919
24.9 Context Connection—The Special Properties of Laser Light 921
Summary 924
25 Reflection and Refraction of Light 932
25.1 The Nature of Light 933
25.2 The Ray Model in Geometric Optics 934
25.3 The Wave Under Reflection 935
25.4 The Wave Under Refraction 938
25.5 Dispersion and Prisms 944
25.6 Huygens’s Principle 947
25.7 Total Internal Reflection 949
25.8 Context Connection—Optical Fibers 952
Summary 956
26 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses 965
26.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors 966
26.2 Images Formed by Spherical Minors 969
26.3 Images Formed by Refraction 977
26.4 Thin Lenses 981
26.5 Lens Aberrations 990
26.6 Context Connection—Medical Fiberscopcs 991
Summary 993
27 Wave Optics 1002
27.1 Conditions for Interference 1003
27.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 1003
27.8 Light Waves in Interference 1005
27.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 1009
27.5 Interference in Thin Films 1010
27.6 Diffraction Patterns 1014
27.7 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures 1018
27.8 The Diffraction Grating 1022
27.9 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 1026
27.10 Context Connection—Holography 1027
Summary 1029
Context 7 Conclusion Using Lasers to Store Information 1037
Context 8 The Cosmic Connection 1042
28 Quantum Physics 1044
28.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Theory 1045
28.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1049
28.3 The Compton Effect 1054
28.4 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves 1058
28.5 The Wave Properties of Particles 1058
28.6 The Quantum Particle 1062
28.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited 1066
28.8 The Uncertainty Principle 1068
28.9 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 1071
28.10 A Particle in a Box 1073
28.11 The Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions 1076
28.12 The Schrodinger Equation 1077
28.13 Tunneling Through a Potengyal Energy Barrier 1080
28.14 Context Connection—The Cosmic Temperature 1083
Summary 1085
29 Atomic Physics 1093
29.1 Early Structural Models of the Atom 1094
29.2 The Hydrogen Atom Revisited 1096
29.3 The Spin Magnetic Quantum Number 1098
29.4 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen 1099
29.5 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers 1103
29.6 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 1110
29.7 Atomic Spectra： Visible and X-Ray 1115
29.8 Context Connection—Atoms in Space 1120
Summary 1122
30 Nuclear Physics 1129
30.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 1130
30.2 Binding Energy 1138
30.3 Radioactivity 1140
30.4 The Radioactive Decay Processes 1143
30.5 Nuclear Reactions 1151
30.6 Context Connection—The Engine of the Stars 1153
Summary 1155
31 Particle Physics 1164
31.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature 1165
31.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles 1166
31.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics 1169
31.4 Classification of Particles 1172
31.5 Conservation Laws 1174
31.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness 1177
31.7 Making Elementary Particles and Measuring Their Properties 1178
31.8 Finding Patterns in the Particles 1182
31.9 Quarks 1183
31.10 Colored Quarks 1187
31.11 The Standard Model 1189
31.12 Context Connection—Investigating the Smallest System to Understand theLargest 1192
Summary 1197
Context 8 Conclusion Problems and Perspectives 1204