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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 3

1 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 3

Applying UML and Patterns in OOA/D 3

Assigning Responsibilities 6

What Is Analysis and Design? 6

What Is Object-Oriented Analysis and Design? 7

An Example 7

The UML 10

Further Readings 11

2 Iterative Development and the Unified Process 13

The Most Important UP Idea: Iterative Development 14

Additional UP Best Practices and Concepts 18

The UP Phases and Schedule-Oriented Terms 19

The UP Disciplines （was Workflows） 20

Process Customization and the Development Case 23

The Agile UP 24

The Sequential “Waterfall” Lifecycle 25

You Know You Didn’t Understand the UP When 26

Further Readings 26

3 Case Study: The NextGen POS System 29

The NextGen POS System 29

Architectural Layers and Case Study Emphasis 30

The Book’s Strategy: Iterative Learning and Development 31

PART Ⅱ INCEPTION 36

4 Inception 36

Inception: An Analogy 36

Inception May Be Very Brief 36

What Artifacts May Start in Inception? 37

You Know You Didn’t Understand Inception When 38

5 Understanding Requirements 41

Types of Requirements 42

Further Readings 43

6 Use-Case Model: Writing Requirements in Context 45

Goals and Stories 46

Background 46

Use Cases and Adding Value 47

Use Cases and Functional Requirements 48

Use Case Types and Formats 49

Fully Dressed Example: Process Sale 50

Explaining the Sections 54

Goals and Scope of a Use Case 59

Finding Primaimry Actors，Goals，and Use Cases 63

Congratulations: Use Cases Have Been Written，and Are Imperfect 67

Write Use Cases in an Essential UI-Free Style 68

Actors 70

Use Case Diagrams 71

Requirements in Context and Low-Level Feature Lists 73

Use Cases Are Not Object-Oriented 75

Use Cases Within the UP 75

Case Study: Use Cases in the NextGen Inception Phase 79

Further Readings 79

UP Artifacts and Process Context 81

7 Identifying Other Requirements 83

NextGen POS Examples 84

NextGen Example: （Partial） Supplementary Specification 84

Commentaty: Supplementary Specification 88

NextGen Example: （Partial） Vision 91

Commentary: Vision 93

NextGen Example: A （Partial） Glossary 98

Commentary: Glossary （Data Dictionary） 99

Reliable Specifications: An Oxymoron? 100

Online Artifacts at the Project Website 101

Not Much UML During Inception? 101

Other Requirement Artifacts Within the UP 101

Further Readings 104

UP Artifacts and Process Context 105

8 From Inception to Elaboration 107

Checkpoint: What Happened in Inception? 108

On to Elaboration 109

Planning the Next Iteration 110

Iteration 1 Requirements and Emphasis: Fundamental OOA/D Skills 112

What Artifacts May Start in Elaboration? 113

You Know You Didn’t Understand Elaboration When 114

PART Ⅲ ELABORATION ITERATION 1 117

9 Use-Case Model: Drawing System Sequence Diagrams 117

System Behavior 118

System Sequence Diagrams 118

Example of an SSD 119

Inter-System SSDs 120

SSDs and Use Cases 120

System Events and the System Boundary 120

Naming System Events and Operations 121

Showing Use Case Text 122

SSDs and the Glossary 122

SSDs Within the UP 123

Further Readings 124

UP Artifacts 125

10 Domain Model: Visualizing Concepts 127

Domain Models 128

Conceptual Class Identification 132

Candidate Conceptual Classes for the Sales Domain 136

Domain Modeling Guidelines 137

Resolving Similar Conceptual Classes—Register vs. “POST” 139

Modeling the Unreal World 140

Specification or Description Conceptual Classes 140

UML Notation，Models，and Methods: Multiple Perspectives 144

Lowering the Representational Gap 146

Example: The NextGen POS Domain Model 148

Domain Models Within the UP 148

Further Readings 150

UP Artifacts 151

11 Domain Model: Adding Associations 153

Associations 153

The UML Association Notation 154

Finding Associations—Common Associations List 155

Association Guidelines 157

Roles 157

How Detailed Should Associations Be? 159

Naming Associations 160

Multiple Associations Between Two Types 161

Associations and Implementation 161

NextGen POS Domain Model Associations 162

NextGen POS Domain Model 163

12 Domain Model: Adding Attributes 167

Attributes 167

UML Attribute Notation 168

Valid Attribute Types 168

Non-primitive Data Type Classes 170

Design Creep: No Attributes as Foreign Keys 172

Modeling Attribute Quantities and Units 173

Attributes in the NextGen Domain Model 174

Multiplicity From SalesLineItem to Item 175

Domain Model Conclusion 175

13 Use-Case Model: Adding Detail with Operation Contracts 177

Contracts 177

Example Contract: enterItem 178

Contract Sections 179

Postconditions 179

Discussion—enterltem Postconditions 182

Writing Contracts Leads to Domain Model Updates 183

When Are Contracts Useful? Contracts vs. Use Cases? 183

Guidelines: Contracts 184

NextGen POS Example: Contracts 185

Changes to the Domain Model 186

Contracts，Operations，and the UML 186

Operation Contracts Within the UP 188

Further Readings 191

14 From Requirements to Design in this Iteration 193

Iteratively Do the Right Thing，Do the Thing Right 193

Didn’t That Take Weeks To Do? No，Not Exactly 194

On to Object Design 194

15 Interaction Diagram Notation 197

Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams 198

Example Collaboration Diagram: makePayment 199

Example Sequence Diagram: makePayment 200

Interaction Diagrams Are Valuable 200

Common Interaction Diagram Notation 201

Basic Collaboration Diagram Notation 202

Basic Sequence Diagram Notation 208

16 GRASP: Designing Objects with Responsibilities 215

Responsibilities and Methods 216

Responsibilities and Interaction Diagrams 217

Patterns 218

GRASP: Patterns of General Principles in Assigning Responsibilities 219

The UML Class Diagram Notation 220

Information Expert （or Expert） 221

Creator 226

Low Coupling 229

High Cohesion 232

Controller 237

Object Design and CRC Cards 245

Further Readings 246

17 Design Model: Use-Case Realizations with GRASP Patterns 247

Use-Case Realizations 248

Artifact Comments 249

Use-Case Realizations for the NextGen Iteration 252

Object Design: makeNewSale 253

Object Design: enterItem 255

Object Design: endSale 260

Object Design: makePayment 264

Object Design: startUp 269

Connecting the UI Layer to the Domain Layer 273

Use-Case Realizations Within the UP 276

Summary 278

18 Design Model: Determining Visibility 279

Visibility Between Objects 279

Visibility 280

Illustrating Visibility in the UML 284

19 Design Model: Creating Design Class Diagrams 285

When to Create DCDs 285

Example DCD 286

DCD and UP Terminology 286

Domain Model vs. Design Model Classes 287

Creating a NextGen POS DCD 287

Notation for Member Details 296

DCDs，Drawing，and CASE Tools 298

DCDs Within the UP 298

UP Artifacts 299

20 Implementation Model: Mapping Designs to Code 301

Programming and the Development Process 302

Mapping Designs to Code 304

Creating Class Definitions from DCDs 304

Creating Methods from Interaction Diagrams 307

Container/Collection Classes in Code 309

Exceptions and Error Handling 309

Defining the Sale--makeLineItem Method 310

Order of Implementation 311

Test-First Programming 311

Summary of Mapping Designs to Code 313

Introduction to the Program Solution 313

PART Ⅳ ELABORATION ITERATION 2 319

21 Iteration 2 and its Requirements 319

Iteration 2 Emphasis: Object Design and Patterns 319

From Iteration 1 to 2 319

Iteration 2 Requirements 321

Refinement of Analysis-oriented Artifacts in this Iteration 322

22 GRASP: More Patterns for Assigning Responsibilities 325

Polymorphism 326

Pure Fabrication 329

Indirection 332

Protected Variations 334

23 Designing Use-Case Realizations with GoF Design Patterns 341

Adapter （GoF） 342

Analysis” Discoveries During Design: Domain Model 345

Factory （GoF） 346

Singleton （GoF） 348

Conclusion of the External Services with Varying Interfaces Problem 352

Strategy （GoF） 353

Composite （GoF） and Other Design Principles 358

Facade （GoF） 368

Observer/Publish-Subscribe/Delegation Event Model （GoF） 372

Conclusion 380

Further Readings 380

PART Ⅴ ELABORATION ITERATION 3 383

24 Iteration 3 and Its Requirements 383

Iteration 3 Requirements 383

Iteration 3 Emphasis 383

25 Relating Use Cases 385

The include Relationship 386

Terminology: Concrete，Abstract，Base，and Addition Use Cases 388

The extend Relationship 389

The generalize Relationship 390

Use Case Diagrams 391

26 Modeling Generalization 393

New Concepts for the Domain Model 393

Generalization 396

Defing Conceptual Superclasses and Subclasses 397

When to Define a Conceptual Subclass 400

When to Define a Conceptual Superclass 403

NextGen POS Conceptual Class Hierarchies 403

Abstract Conceptual Classes 406

Modeling Changing States 408

Class Hierarchies and Inheritance in Software 409

27 Refining the Domain Model 411

Association Classes 411

Aggregation and Composition 414

Time Intervals and Product Prices—Fixing an Iteration 1 “Error” 418

Association Role Names 419

Roles as Concepts vs. Roles in Associations 420

Derived Elements 421

Qualified Associations 422

Reflexive Associations 423

Ordered Elements 423

Using Packages to Organize the Domain Model 423

28 Adding New SSDs and Contracts 431

New System Sequence Diagrams 431

New System Operations 433

New System Operation Contracts 434

29 Modeling Behavior in Statechart Diagrams 437

Events，States，and Transitions 437

Statechart Diagrams 438

Statechart Diagrams in the UP? 439

Use Case Statechart Diagrams 439

Use Case Statechart Diagrams for the POS Application 441

Classes that Benefot from Statechart Diagrams 441

Illustrating External and Interval Events 443

Additional Statechart Diagram Notation 444

Further Readings 446

30 Designing the Logical Architecture with Patterns 447

Software Architecture 448

Architectural Pattern: Layers 450

The Model-View Separation Principle 471

Further Readings 474

31 Organizing the Design and Implementation Model Packages 475

Package Organization Guidelines 476

More UML Package Notation 482

Further Readings 483

32 Introduction to Architectural Analysis and the SAD 485

Architectural Analysis 486

Types and Views of Architecture 488

The Science: Identification and Analysis of Architectural Factors 488

Example: Partial NextGen POS Architectural Factor Table 491

The Art: Resolution of Architectural Factors 493

Summary of Themes in Architectural Analysis 499

Architectural Analysis within the UP 500

Further Readings 505

33 Designing More Use-Case Realizations with Objects and Patterns 507

Failover to Local Services; Performance with Local Caching 507

Handling Failure 512

Failover to Local Services with a Proxy （GoF） 519

Designing for Non-Functional or Quality Requirements 523

Accessing External Physical Devices with Adapters; Buy vs. Build 523

Abstract Factory （GoF） for Families of Related Objects 525

Handling Payments with Polymorphism and Do It Myself 528

Conclusion 535

34 Designing a Persistence Framework with Patterns 537

The Problem: Persistent Objects 538

The Solution: A Persistence Service from a Persistence Framework 538

Frameworks 539

Requirements for the Persistence Service and Framework 540

Key Ideas 540

Pattern: Representing Objects as Tables 541

UML Data Modeling Profile 541

Pattern: Object Identifier 542

Accessing a Persistence Service with a Facade 543

Mapping Objects: Database Mapper or Database Broker Pattern 543

Framework Design with the Template Method Pattern 546

Materialization with the Template Method Pattern 546

Configuring Mappers with a MapperFactory 552

Pattern: Cache Management 552

Consolidating and Hiding SQL Statements in One Class 553

Transactional States and the State Pattern 554

Designing a Transaction with the Command Pattern 556

Lazy Materialization with a Virtual Proxy 559

How to Represent Relationships in Tables 562

PeraistentObject Superclass and Separation of Concerns 563

Unresolved Issues 564

PART Ⅵ SPECIAL TOPICS 567

35 On Drawing and Tools 567

On Speculative Design and Visual Thinking 567

Suggestions for UML Drawing Within the Development Process 568

Tools and Sample Features 571

Example Two 573

36 Introduction to Iterative Planning and Project Issues 575

Ranking Requirements 576

Ranking Project Risks 579

Adaptive vs. Predictive Planning 579

Phase and Iteration Plans 581

Iteration Plan: What to Do in the Next Iteration? 582

Requirements Tracking Across Iterations 583

The （In）Validity of Early Estimates 585

Organizing Project Artifacts 585

Some Team Iteration Scheduling Issues 586

You Know You Didn’t Understand Planning in the UP When 588

Further Readings 588

37 Comments on Iterative Development and the UP 589

Additional UP Best Practices and Concepts 589

The Construction and Transition Phases 591

Other Interesting Practices 592

Motivations for Timeboxing an Iteration 593

The Sequential “Waterfall” Lifecycle 593

Usability Engineering and User Interface Design 599

The UP Analysis Model 599

The RUP Product 600

The Challenge and Myths of Reuse 601

38 More UML Notation 603

General Notation 603

Implementation Diagrams 604

Template （Parameterized，Generic） Class 606

Activity Diagrams 607

Bibliography 609

Glossary 615

Index 621