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Chapter 1 Academic Writing 1

1.1 What Is Academic Writing 2

1.2 Different Categories of Academic Writing 2

1.2.1 Academic Articles 2

1.2.2 Academic Books 2

1.2.3 Conference Papers 3

1.2.4 Poster Papers 3

1.3 Different Categories of Academic Articles 4

1.3.1 Letters 4

1.3.2 Research Notes 4

1.3.3 Articles 4

1.3.4 Supplemental Articles 4

1.3.5 Review Articles 4

1.3.6 Data Papers 5

1.3.7 Video Papers 5

1.4 Purposes of Academic Writing 5

Chapter 2 The Process of Academic Writing 7

2.1 Academic Writing as a Process 8

2.2 Different Stages in the Process of Academic Writing 9

2.2.1 Preparation for Writing 9

2.2.2 Academic Writing Per Se 11

2.2.3 Sending Papers to Conferences and Seminars 12

2.2.4 Targeting a Journal 13

2.2.5 Preparing Your Paper for Submission 13

2.2.6 Reviewing Process 13

2.2.7 Technicalities of Proofs and Copyright 14

Chapter 3 Academic Reading and Academic Resources 17

3.1 Significance of Academic Reading to Academic Writing 18

3.2 Habits and Skills for Academic Reading 18

3.2.1 Forming the Habit of Reading 18

3.2.2 Reading Actively，Not Passively 19

3.2.3 Developing a Critical Eye for Writing Style 20

3.2.4 Taking Notes 20

3.3 How to Find Academic Resources Online 20

3.3.1 Skimming the Internet 21

3.3.2 Looking Through Library Database of Your University 21

Chapter 4 Structure and Style 23

4.1 Typical Essay Structure 24

4.1.1 Introduction 25

4.1.2 Argument Paragraphs 26

4.1.3 Conclusion 27

4.2 Structure of Academic Writing 28

4.3 Tips for Academic Writing 28

4.3.1 Writing Objectively 28

4.3.2 Writing Concisely 29

4.3.3 First Person vsThird Person 29

4.3.4 Inclusive Language 32

Chapter 5 Title 37

5.1 Functions of Titles 38

5.1.1 Generalizing the Text 38

5.1.2 Attracting the Reader 38

5.1.3 Facilitating the Retrieval 39

5.2 Types of Titles 39

5.3 Linguistic Features of Titles 41

5.3.1 Using an Incomplete Sentence 41

5.3.2 Using More Nouns，Noun Phrases，and Gerunds 41

5.4 Requirements of Writing Titles 42

5.4.1 To Be Brief and Concise 42

5.4.2 To Be Specific 43

5.4.3 To Avoid Question Titles 43

5.4.4 To Be Unified 43

5.4.5 To Be Standard 43

Chapter 6 Authors and Affiliations 47

6.1 Functions of Authors and Affiliations 48

6.1.1 Bearing Authors’ Responsibilities 48

6.1.2 Facilitating Retrieval and Correspondence 48

6.1.3 Heightening Celebrity 48

6.2 Implications of Authorship 48

6.2.1 Authorship in Social Sciences 49

6.2.2 Authorship in Medical Sciences 50

6.2.3 Authorship in Natural Sciences 51

6.3 Requirements of Writing Authors and Affiliations 51

6.3.1 Unifying Printing Format 51

6.3.2 Omitting Profession Titles 52

6.3.3 Paying Attention to Orders of Chinese and English Names 52

6.3.4 Paying Attention to Affiliation 52

6.3.5 Clearly Indicating Correspondent Author 52

6.3.6 Indicating Authors’ Responsibilities if Necessary 53

Chapter 7 Abstract 55

7.1 Types of Abstracts 56

7.2 Format of Abstracts 56

7.3 Components of Abstracts 57

7.3.1 Topic Sentences 57

7.3.2 Supporting Sentences 58

7.3.3 Concluding Sentences 59

7.4 Structured Abstracts 59

7.5 Sample Analysis 63

Chapter 8 Key Words 67

8.1 Functions of Key Words 68

8.2 Disciplinary Differences of Key Words 68

8.3 Who Supplies Key Words 69

8.4 Features of Key Words 70

8.4.1 Nominalization 70

8.4.2 Limited Number 70

8.4.3 Designated Choice 70

8.5 How to Select Key Words 70

8.6 How to Arrange Key Words 72

8.6.1 Using Required Terms 72

8.6.2 Placing in the Right Location 72

8.6.3 Spacing the Key Words 72

Chapter 9 Introduction 75

9.1 Functional Elements of the Introduction Section 76

9.1.1 Introducing the Subject 76

9.1.2 Limiting the Research Scope 77

9.1.3 Stating the General Purpose 77

9.1.4 Explaining the Writing Arrangement 77

9.2 Components of the Introduction Section 77

9.3 Usual Process of Writing the Introduction Section 78

9.3.1 Starting with the Research Background 78

9.3.2 Moving Towards the Existing Problem 78

9.3.3 Focusing on the Present Research 78

9.3.4 Illustrating the Writing Structure 79

9.4 Literature Reviews 81

9.4.1 Purposes of Literature Reviews 81

9.4.2 Strategies for Presenting Literature Reviews 81

9.4.3 Problems Concerning Writing Literature Reviews 84

9.4.4 False Assumptions Concerning Writing Literature Reviews 84

Chapter 10 Textual Developments 93

10.1 Types of Research Papers 94

10.1.1 Papers of Theoretical Nature 94

10.1.2 Papers of Experimental Nature 96

10.1.3 Papers of Combined Natures 96

10.2 Avoiding Logical Problems 98

10.2.1 Avoiding Logical Fallacies 98

10.2.2 Avoiding Logical Flaws 100

10.2.3 Avoiding Conspiracy Theories 100

Chapter 11 Methods and Materials 103

11.1 Functions of the Methods and Materials Section 104

11.2 Structure of the Methods and Materials Section 104

11.3 Ingredients of the Methods and Materials Section 106

11.3.1 Subjects （Participants） 106

11.3.2 Materials 107

11.3.3 Design and Procedure 108

11.4 How to Write the Methods and Materials Section 108

11.4.1 Principles to Follow 108

11.4.2 Supplementary Points to Notice 111

Chapter 12 Results 121

12.1 Importance of the Results Section 122

12.2 Requirements of Writing the Results Section 122

12.3 Two Moves Analysis of the Results Section 123

12.4 Twelve Steps for Writing the Results Section 123

12.5 Tables and Graphs 124

12.5.1 Constructing Tables 125

12.5.2 Presenting Tables 125

12.5.3 Presenting Graphs 126

12.5.4 Sample Analysis 126

Chapter 13 Discussion 135

13.1 Functions and Objectives of the Discussion Section 136

13.2 Elements to Include in the Discussion Section 137

13.2.1 Stating Major Findings of the Study 137

13.2.2 Explaining Why Findings Are Important 137

13.2.3 Relating Findings to Those of Similar Studies 138

13.2.4 Considering Alternative Explanations of Findings 138

13.2.5 Acknowledging the Study’s Limitations 138

13.2.6 Making Suggestions for Further Research 139

13.2.7 Giving “Take-Home Messages” in the Form of a Conclusion 139

13.3 Things to Avoid in the Discussion Section 139

13.3.1 Over Interpretation of the Results 139

13.3.2 Unwarranted Speculation 140

13.3.3 Inflating the Importance of Findings 140

13.3.4 Tangential Issues 140

13.3.5 Too Much Criticism 140

13.4 How to Write the Discussion Section 140

Chapter 14 Conclusion 147

14.1 Typical Contents of the Conclusion Section 148

14.1.1 Summing Up 148

14.1.2 Statement of the Conclusion 148

14.1.3 Statement of Recommendations 148

14.1.4 Graceful Termination 149

14.2 Common Problems in Writing the Conclusion Section 149

14.2.1 Being Too Long 149

14.2.2 Having Too Many Details 149

14.2.3 Failure to Comment on Larger，More Significant Issues 149

14.2.4 Failure to Reveal the Complexities of a Conclusion or Situation 150

14.3 Warnings and Suggestions for Writing the Conclusion Section 150

14.3.1 Warnings 150

14.3.2 Suggestions 151

14.4 Sample Analysis 151

Chapter 15 Supplementary Parts to Academic Writing 157

15.1 Acknowledgement 158

15.2 References 159

15.2.1 Styles of References 159

15.2.2 Reasons for Citing References 161

15.2.3 Citing Page Numbers for Quotations in the Text 162

15.2.4 Using Appropriate Styles and References 162

15.3 Footnotes 163

15.4 Correspondence Among Authors，Editors，and Referees 163

15.5 Proofs 165

15.6 Sample Letters 166

Chapter 16 Academic Publishing 173

16.1 Targeting Academic Journals 174

16.1.1 Impact Factors 174

16.1.2 Useful Tips 175

16.2 Delays in the Publishing Process 175

16.3 The Process of Refereeing 176

16.4 Key Elements to the Success of Academic Publishing 178

16.4.1 Procrastination and Writer’s Block 178

16.4.2 To Advocate Collaboration 179

16.4.3 To Be Productive 180

Bibliography 183