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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.1 The notion of subjectivity in language 1

1.2 Research questions 5

1.3 The scope of causality to be covered 11

1.3.1 Thegeneral viewof causality andXing's（2001）taxonomicalwork 12

1.3.2 Other major taxonomies of Chinese causal complex sentences 15

1.3.3 The scope of causality to be dealt with in this book 23

1.4 The range of Chinese causal connectives to be studied 28

1.5 Structure ofthe book 31

CHAPTER 2 The relevance of subj ectivity for the characterization of Mandarin causal connectives:A literature review 31

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Review of the literature on subjectivity in Mandarin Chinese 36

2.2.1 Method and research questions 37

2.2.2 Chinese linguists'views of subjectivity 38

2.2.3 Linguistic features used to determine the degree of subjectivity 40

2.3 Review of the literature on Chinese causal connectives 44

2.3.1 Method and research questions 45

2.3.2 The analytical categories and their relevance to subjectivity 45

2.4 Objects,methods and genre 60

2.4.1 Objects of study 62

2.4.2 Methods 64

2.4.3 Genre 67

2.5 General discussion and conclusion 69

2.5.1 The relevance of subjectivity to the usage patterns of Chinese causal connectives 69

2.5.2 Refining existing approaches to the issue of subjectivity in causal connectives 70

2.5.3 Genre as an independent factor 72

2.5.4 A multi-angle approach:connectives,language use and cognition 72

CHAPTER 3 Subjectivity and result marking in Mandarin:A corpus-based investigation 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Subjectivity defined 83

3.3 Corpus-based analysis 87

3.3.1 Mandarin result connectives 87

3.3.2 Corpus and sampling method 89

3.3.3 Analysis 92

3.4 Results 101

3.4.1 Domain 101

3.4.2 Propositional attitude 104

3.4.3 The presence of SoC 107

3.4.4 The identity of SoC 109

3.5 Discussion 112

3.5.1 Subjectivity profiles identified 112

3.5.2 Genre-sensitivity:semantics vs.pragmatics 114

3.5.3 Speaker economy 116

3.5.4 Remarks on the analytical model 116

3.6 Conclusion 118

CHAPTER 4 On the subjectivity of Mandarin r eason connectives:Robust prof les or genre-sensitivity 122

4.1 Introduction 122

4.2 Method 131

4.2.1 Corpora 131

4.2.2 Analysis 132

4.3 Results 140

4.3.1 Domain 140

4.3.2 Propositional attitude 143

4.3.3 The presence of SoC 144

4.3.4 The identity of SoC 146

4.3.5 Sentence-initial vs.inter-sentential yinwei 148

4.4 Discussion and conclusion 150

CHAPTER 5 On the online effects of subjectivity information encoded in causal connectives 156

5.1 Introduction 156

5.1.1 Causal coherence relations and subjectivity 156

5.1.2 Causal connectives and subjectivity in discourse processing 158

5.2 The causal connectives to be studied and predictions 168

5.2.1 Kejian,suoyi and yin'er 168

5.2.2 Predictions 170

5.3 Method 172

5.3.1 Participants 172

5.3.2 Materials and design 173

5.3.3 Procedure 176

5.3.4 Analysis 177

5.4 Results 179

5.4.1 First pass reading 180

5.4.2 Total fixation duration 182

5.5 Discussion 183

CHAPTER 6 General discussion and conclusion 192

6.1 Assessing the relevance of subjectivity for the characterization of causal connectives in Chinese 192

6.2 Subjectivity profiles identified,genre-sensitivity,and language-specific properties 196

6.2.1 Six stable subjectivity profiles 198

6.2.2 The issue of genre-sensitivity 202

6.2.3 Language-specific properties 205

6.3 The impacts of subjective,objective and underspecified causal connectives on discourse processing 206

6.4 Discussion and topics for future research 214

6.4.1 Variation in connective use:scalar view or categorical perspective？ 214

6.4.2 Subjectivity and correlatively used causal connectives 219

6.4.3 Cognitive processes associated with subjectivity 221

6.5 Conclusion 226

REFERENCES 228

APPENDICES 248

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 291