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1 COMPUTER OPERATION 1

1.1 Calculators and Computers 2

1.2 Differences between Desk Calculators and Computers 4

1.3 Electronic Digital Computers 4

1.4 Application of Computers to Problems 6

1.5 Applications of Computers in Business 8

1.6 Scientific Applications 9

1.7 Some Different Types of Computer Systems 11

1.8 The Use of Digital Computers in Control Systems 14

1.9 Special-Purpose and General-Purpose Computers 16

1.10 Time-shared Computer Systems 17

1.11 Basic Components of a Digital Computer 18

1.12 Construction of Memory 20

1.13 Instructions 20

1.14 Multiplication Instruction 23

1.15 BRANCH，SKIP，or JUMP Instructions 25

1.16 Reading the Program into the Computer 26

1.17 Programming Systems 33

1.18 Assembly Languages 34

1.19 Compiler Languages 37

1.20 A Short Introduction to PL/1 38

Questions 42

2 NUMBER SYSTEMS 47

2.1 The Decimal System 48

2.2 The Binary System 49

2.3 Counting in the Binary System 49

2.4 Binary Addition and Subtraction 51

2.5 Binary Multiplication and Division 51

2.6 Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary 53

2.7 Negative Numbers 54

2.8 The Use of Complements to Represent Negative Numbers 56

2.9 Complements in Other Number Systems 57

2.10 Binary Number Complements 57

2.11 Binary-coded-decimal Number Representation 58

2.12 Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems 61

Questions 65

3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND GATE NETWORKS 73

3.1 Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra 74

3.2 Logical Multiplication 75

3.3 OR Gates and AND Gates 76

3.4 Complementation and Inverters 78

3.5 Evaluation of Logical Expressions 79

3.6 Evaluation of an Expression Containing Parentheses 80

3.7 Basic Laws of Boolean Algebra 82

3.8 Proof by Perfect Induction 84

3.9 Simplification of Expressions 86

3.10 De Morgan’s Theorems 86

3.11 Basic Duality of Boolean Algebra 87

3.12 Derivation of a Boolean Expression 87

3.13 Combination of Gates 91

3.14 Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums 92

3.15 Derivation of Product-of-Sums Expressions 94

3.16 Derivation of a Three-Input-Variable Expression 95

3.17 NAND Gates and NOR Gates 97

3.18 The Map Method for Simplifying Expressions 100

3.19 Subcubes and Covering 103

3.20 Product-of-Sums Expressions-Don’t-cares 108

Questions 110

4 LOGICAL DESIGN 124

4.1 The Flip-Flop 125

4.2 The Transfer 127

4.3 The Clock 128

4.4 The Shift Register 131

4.5 The Binary Counter 132

4.6 BCD Counters 138

4.7 Integrated Circuits 139

4.8 Medium- and Large-Scale Integration 148

4.9 Gated Flip-Flop Designs. 152

4.10 The Gated Flip-Flop 152

4.11 The Master-Slave Flip-Flop 154

4.12 Counter Design 157

Questions 161

5 DIGITAL CIRCUITS 168

5.1 Computer Circuits 169

5.2 Characteristics of Diodes and Transistors Used in Switching Circuits 169

5.3 The Emitter Follower 177

5.4 The AND Gate 178

5.5 The Diode AND Circuit 179

5.6 The OR Gate 180

5.7 The Inverter Circuit 181

5.8 NOR Gates 184

5.9 The Transistor Flip-Flop 186

5.10 Resistor-Transistor Logic 187

5.11 Diode-Transistor Logic 189

5.12 Transistor-Transistor Logic 191

5.13 Emitter-coupled Logic 198

5.14 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Circuits 202

5.15 CMOS Logic Circuits 206

Questions 209

6 THE ARITHMETIC-LOGIC UNIT 219

6.1 Construction of the ALU 220

6.2 Integer Representation 221

6.3 The Binary Half Adder 222

6.4 The Full Adder 223

6.5 A Parallel Binary Adder 224

6.6 Positive and Negative Numbers 227

6.7 Addition in the 1 s Complement System 228

6.8 Addition in the 2s Complement System 229

6.9 Addition and Subtraction in a Parallel Arithmetic Element 231

6.10 The Full Adder 234

6.11 The Binary-Coded-Decimal （BCD） Adder 237

6.12 Positive and Negative BCD Numbers 239

6.13 Addition and Subtraction in the 9s Complement System 241

6.14 The SHIFT Operation 245

6.15 Basic Operations 246

6.16 Binary Multiplication 250

6.17 Decimal Multiplication 253

6.18 Division 254

6.19 Logical Operations 260

6.20 Floating-Point Number Systems 262

6.21 Performing Arithmetic Operations with Floating-Point Numbers 267

Questions 268

7 THE MEMORY ELEMENT 274

7.1 Random-Access Memories 276

7.2 Magnetic Core Storage 278

7.3 Storage of Information in Magnetic Cores in a Two-dimensional Array 281

7.4 Assembly of Core Planes into a Core Memory 285

7.5 Timing Sequence 287

7.6 Characteristics of Core-Memory Array 289

7.7 Memory Address and Memory Buffer Registers 289

7.8 Driving the X- and Y-Selection Lines 290

7.9 Memory Buffer Register and Associated Circuitry 292

7.10 Characteristics of Core Memory 294

7.11 Decoders 295

7.12 Core-Memory Organization and Wiring Schemes 300

7.13 Random-Access Semiconductor Memories 304

7.14 Bipolar IC Memories 305

7.15 Static MOS Memories 308

7.16 Dynamic Memories 314

7.17 Read-only Memories 316

7.18 Magnetic Drum Storage 321

7.19 Parallel and Serial Operation of a Magnetic Drum 325

7.20 Magnetic Disk Memories 327

7.21 Flexible Disk Storage Systems-The Floppy Disk 332

7.22 Magnetic Tape 336

7.23 Tape Cassettes and Cartridges 340

7.24 Digital Recording Techniques 346

7.25 Return-to-Zero and Return-to-Bias Recprding Techniques 346

7.26 Non-Return-to-Zero Recording Techniques 349

Questions 351

8 INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES 357

8.1 Differences in Business and Scientific Uses 358

8.2 Perforated Tape 359

8.3 Tape Readers 362

8.4 Punched Cards 365

8.5 Card Readers 367

8.6 Alphanumeric Codes 369

8.7 Data Preparation 373

8.8 Character Recognition 374

8.9 Output Equipment 376

8.10 Printers 377

8.11 Cathode-Ray-Tube Output Devices 382

8.12 Other Output Devices 384

8.13 Error-detecting and Error-correcting Codes 385

8.14 Terminals 387

8.15 Input-Output Devices for Systems with Analog Components 391

8.16 Analog-to-Digital Converters-Shaft Encoders 392

8.17 Digital-to-Analog Converters 394

8.18 Electronic High-Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters 395

Questions 399

9 THE CONTROL UNIT 405

9.1 Construction of Instruction Word 406

9.2 Instruction-Cycle and Execution-Cycle Organization of Control Registers 412

9.3 Sequence of Operation of Control Registers 415

9.4 Controlling Arithmetic Operations 417

9.5 Typical Sequence of Operations 424

9.6 BRANCH，SKIP，or JUMP Instructions 426

9.7 SHIFT Instructions 429

9.8 Microprogramming 432

9.9 Variations in Microprogramming Configurations 438

Questions 440

10 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 443

10.1 Instruction Word Formats-Number of Addresses 444

10.2 Representation of Instructions and Data 448

10.3 Addressing Techniques 449

10.4 Index Registers 449

10.5 Paging and Indirect Addressing 451

10.6 Interconnecting System Components 455

10.7 Interfacing-Buses 463

10.8 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 470

10.9 Single-Address Computer Organization 481

10.10 A Single-Address Microprocessor 488

10.11 Two-Address Computers 500

10.12 IBM 360/370 Computer Series 506

Questions 513

BIBLIOGRAPHY 521

ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED QUESTIONS 527

INDEX 552