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1．A Rèsource Endangered 1

2．Water:A Life Support System 4

1．An example of food chains with the black bream 6

1．Relationship of current speed to the nature of the stream bed 7

The Marine Environment 7

2．Oxygen flows per day measured in a tidal urban creek 7

Estuarine Systems 8

Inland Waters 9

3．Pollution Ecology 11

List of Figures 11

Generalized Effects of Pollutants on Streams 12

List of Tables 13

3．Generalized diagrams illustrating the effects of deoxygenating substances and toxic substances on streams 13

Biological Evaluation of Pollution 14

List of Plates 17

4．Number of individual species and species diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna offshore from Hastings in the North Arm of Western Port,Victoria 17

5．A hypothetical food web illustrating energy flow modification as a result of pollution 18

Preface 19

2．Some Australian aquatic organisms which have been suggested or used as biochemical indicators 20

6．Hypothetical lethal response curve of an animal population exposed to a toxicant 21

3．General classification of the toxicity of substances 22

7．Estimation of the threshold lethal concentration 23

Aerobic Degradation of Organic Wastes 25

4．Animal and Vegetable Wastes 25

4．Minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen required by various species of fish 26

Minimum Acceptable Dissolved Oxygen Levels 26

5．Recommended minimal acceptable concentrations of dissolved oxygen in freshwater 27

1．Seawater,after collection in a sampling device,being transferred to a bottle for later analysis for dissolved oxygen 28

Effects of Organic Discharges on Dissolved Oxygen in Streams 29

8．Dissolved oxygen profile of the Burnett River 29

Anaerobic Processes:Production of Poisonous Gases from Animal and Vegetable Wastes 31

The Ecological Effects of Organic Wastes 32

Ecological Effects of Heavy Metals 32

6．Associations of animals,plants and insects found in the pollution zones of Farmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW 33

7．Biological evaluation of organic pollution in New Zealand streams 34

8．Algae from Carmer's Creek and Cox's River,NSW 35

9．Biological and dissolved oxygen data for sampling sites on Dandenong Creek,Victoria 36

Seasonal Factors 37

10．Seasonal flow characteristics of streams in Australia and New Zealand 37

9．Variation of species diversity and rainfall in Moggill Creek,Brisbane 38

10．Diurnal variations in dissolved oxygen in an urban creek 39

Diurnal Variations 39

Pollution by Micro-organisms 40

11．Bacteriological quality of recreational waters 40

5．Accelerated Eutrophication and Enrichment of Streams 42

11．Net primary productivity patterns of the oceans 43

Characteristics of Eutrophication 44

2．Excess growth of aquatic plants in a freshwater lake in Victoria 45

12．A generalized diagrammatic representation of some major chemical processes occurring in aquatic areas 46

13．Generalized patterns for surface to bottom distributions of dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients for oligotrophic and eutrophic water bodies 46

12．Measures of eutrophication in a water body 47

14．Total nitrogen and total inorganic phosphorus as related to rainfall at Braidwood Lagoon,NSW 48

Eutrophication and Lake Water Movement 49

Changes in Ecological Relationships 49

15．Seasonal change in dissolved oxygen and temperature surface to bottom profiles for Lake Ngahewa,New Zealand 50

Streams and Nutrient Enrichment 51

Problems Caused by Accelerated Eutrophication 51

16．Generalized diagrams illustrating the generation of plantnutrient salts from organic wastes and plant growth in streams 52

17．Biomass accumulation in Moggill Creek,Brisbane,which is subject to a secondary sewage treatment plant discharge 53

Causes of Accelerated Eutrophication 53

13．Summary of estimated nitrogen and phosphorus reaching Wisconsin water bodies 54

Control of Eutrophication 56

14．General characteristics frequently used to classify lakes 56

15．Plankton and associated characteristics of oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes 57

16．Nutrient concentrations in relation to trophic status of water bodies 58

The Australian Position 59

Pesticides 61

6．Synthetic Chemicals 61

18．Toxicity of various insecticides to some species of fish 62

17．Relative toxicities of pesticides to aquatic animals 62

3．Fish kill caused by accidental discharge of insecticides into an Australian river 63

18．Approximate range of persistence of pesticides in soils 64

19．Chemical structures of some organochlorine insecticides 65

20．General pattern of degradation of DDT 66

21．The accumulation of insecticides in aquatic food chains 68

19．DDT residues in various aquatic animals in the Namoi Region,NSW 69

20．Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand animals 70

21．Residues of DDT and metabolites in certain Australian and New Zealand aquatic birds 71

22．Change in the thickness of Australian peregrine falcon eggshells 73

23．General structure of the organophosphorus insecticides 75

4．The impact of aerial spraying of an organophosphorus insecticide is checked by evaluating the effects on caged insects 77

25．Synthesis of 245T 78

24．The chemical structures of some commonly used herbicides 78

26．Chemical processes leading to the formation of TCDD 79

22．Some reported PCB concentrations in animal muscle tissue 81

Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCB's) 81

27．Chemical structures for some polychlorinated biphenyls 83

23．Occurrence of PCB's in the Australian and New Zealand environment and in man. 85

Detergents 87

28．Chemical structures of LAS and ABS surfactants 89

24．Some lethal concentrations of surfactants for fish 90

Industrial Wastes 91

25．Some common substances found in waste waters from chemical industries 91

5．Fish kills of this kind occur fairly frequently in the industrial areas of Australia and New Zealand 93

26．Some lethal concentrations of common waste chemicals 94

7．Petrochemicals 95

The Quantity of Oil Entering the Oceans 97

27．Estimated yearly input of petroleum into the oceans 98

The Nature of Petroleum 99

28．Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to fish 100

29．Examples of hydrocarbons which occur in petroleum 100

The Fate of Petroleum in the Sea 101

30．Diagrammatic summary of the fate of petroleum in an aquatic area 102

29．Environmental fate of crude oil 103

General Effects on Marine Life Forms 104

30．Effects of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of soluble petroleum and petroleum products on marine organisms 106

31．Factors influencing biological damage by oil 106

Some Effects on Marine Organisms 107

Some Effects on Major Ecosystems 109

Tainting of Australian Sea Mullet and Other Marine Animals 109

32．Summary of effects of petroleum on some major ecosystems 110

33．Occurrence of kerosene-like hydrocarbons in some fish in the Brisbane River,Queensland 112

Clean-up of Oil Slicks 113

Public Health Aspects 113

Biochemical Indicators 113

6．Treatment of an oil spill in an Australian marine area with a dispersant 116

8．Metals,Minerals and Suspended Solids 118

Chemical Form of Metals 119

34．Forms of occurrence of metal species in natural waters 120

Occurrence and Source of Heavy Metals in Australian Waters 121

31．Chemical reactions involved in the formation of acid mine drainage water 122

35．Occurrence of some heavy metals in Australian streams and domestic waters 124

Uptake of Metals by Aquatic Organisms 126

36．Enrichment or biological concentration factors for heavy metals from seawater 127

37．Some concentrations of heavy metals in Australian and New Zealand organisms 128

38．Maximum concentrations of some heavy metals and arsenic allowed in food 129

Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Aquatic Organisms　 130

39．Heavy metal LC50's for a variety of Australian aquatic organisms 133

32．Composition of the fauna and numbers of animals in the Molonglo River,ACT 135

Mercury:A Case History 136

Silt 140

7．Silt containing discharge from an Australian sand mining dredge 141

Radioactive Wastes 142

40．Half lives of some radioactive elements 143

9．Salinity Problems 145

41．Limiting values of salinity for water supplied to horticultural crops 146

River Salinity 146

33．Longitudinal salinity profiles of the Murray River 147

Salinization in Western Australia 149

42．Thermal death points of fish 150

Effects of Thermal Stress on Aquatic Organisms　 150

10．Thermal Pollution 150

43．Variations in aquatic communities due to a thermal discharge into the La Trobe River,Victoria 152

Discharges from Dams 152

44．Spawning temperatures for some native Australian fish 153

Criteria 153

11．Living Organisms as Pollutants 154

45．Self-maintaining introduced freshwater species in Australia 154

12．Effects of Land Use and Engineering Works on Water Quality 157

Effects of Agriculture on Water Run-Off Composition 158

Urban Areas and Water Quality 159

Simulation Modelling of the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality 159

Effects of Engineering Works on Water Quality 160

13．Pollution Investigations 161

46．Some animals useful for the biological assessment of stream pollution 162

General Aspects of Control and Water Reuse 167

14．The Control of Pollution 167

34．Diagrammatic illustration of the operation of an activated sludge secondary sewage treatment plant 168

8．The Bolivar sewage treatment plant in Adelaide 169

Legislation and Administration 170

35．Idealized processes for the control and management of water pollution 172

15．The Challenge of the Future 173

References 176

Index 197