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Section A-Introduction to ecology 1

A1 What is ecology? 1

A2 Ten rules in ecology 3

Abbreviations 9

Preface 10

Section B-Adaptation to the environment 11

B1 Adaptation 11

B2 Coping with environmental variation 14

B3 The niche 18

C1 Solar radiation and climate 21

Section C-Climate 21

C2 Microclimate 27

Section D-Water 31

D1 The properties of water 31

D2 Plants and water 34

D3 Animals and water 39

Section E-Temperature 43

E1 Temperature and metabolism 43

E2 Responses to temperature 47

E3 Temperature and species distribution 50

F1 Solar radiation and plants 53

Section F-Radiation 53

Section G-Nutrients 59

G1 Sources and cycles 59

G2 Plants and consumers 65

G3 Soil formation,properties and classification 67

Section H-Population ecology 71

H1 Populations and population structure 71

H2 Natality,mortality and population growth 75

H3 Density and density dependence 84

H4 Population dynamics-fluctuations,cycles and chaos 89

I1 The nature of competition 93

Section I-Competition 93

I2 Intraspecific competition 99

I3 Resource partitioning 102

Section J-Predation 107

J1 The nature of predation 107

J2 Predator behavior and prey response 111

Section K-Parasitism 117

K1 The nature of parasitism 117

K2 The dynamics of parasitism 122

Section L-Mutualism 129

L1 Mutualism 129

M1 Life history 135

Section M-Life history patterns 135

Section N-Behavioral ecology 145

N1 Social groups,cooperation and altruism 145

N2 Sex in ecology 149

Section O-Population genetics 157

O1 Genetic variation 157

O2 Speciation 163

Section P-Ecosystem processes 169

P1 Components and processes 169

P2 Primary and secondary production 174

P3 Food chains 179

Section Q-Communities 183

Q1 The community,structure and stability 183

Q2 Island communities and colonization 189

Q3 Community patterns,competition and predation 194

Section R-Community dynamics 201

R1 Succession 201

R2 Community responses to disturbance 208

Section S-Biomes 213

S1 Ecosystem patterns 213

S2 Grasslands 218

S3 Tundra 222

S4 Forests 224

S5 Deserts,semi-deserts and shrubland 228

S6 Saltwater biomes 231

S7 Freshwater biomes 236

Section T-Harvesting 241

T1 Harvesting theory 241

T2 Fishing and whaling 246

Section U-Pest control 251

U1 The pest problem and control strategies 251

U2 Pesticides and problems 255

U3 Biological control and integrated pest management 261

V1 Rare species,habitat loss and extinction 265

Section V-Conservation 265

V2 Conservation strategies 271

V3 Biological resources and gene banks 276

Section W-Pollution and global warming 283

W1 Air,water and soil pollutants 283

W2 Greenhouse gases and global warming 288

W3 Ozone 291

Section X-The ecology of agriculture 295

X1 Soil erosion and agriculture 295

X2 Nutrient,water and energy use 298

Further reading 305

Indes 315