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Chapter One The Ancient Near East：The Cradle of Civilisation(c.4000 B.C.-70 A.D.) 1

Section One Mesopotamian Civilisation(c.4000-539 B.C.) 2

Section Two Egyptian Civilisation(c.3100-c.332 B.C.) 7

Section Three Other Early Civilisations(c.3000-c.147 B.C.) 17

Section Four The Hebrew Civilization(c.2000 B.C.-c.70 A.D.) 20

Section Five The Assyrian Empire(c.1000-612 B.C.) 23

Section Six The Persian Empire(550-330 B.C.) 25

Chapter Review 27

Exercise 28

Voices on Key Points 29

Suggested Reading 30

Chapter Two Greek Civilisation(c.2000-30 B.C.) 31

Section One The Emergence of Greece(c.2000-1100 B.C.) 32

Section Two Dark Age and Homer's World(1100-750 B.C.) 36

Section Three Sparta and Athens：Greek City-States(750-500 B.C.) 40

Section Four Greece in Classical Period(c.500-330 B.C.) 44

Section Five The Hellenistic Era(330-30 B.C.) 52

Chapter Review 56

Exercise 57

Voices on Key Points 58

Suggested reading 58

Chapter Three Roman Civilisation(753 B.C.-476 A.D.) 60

Section One The Rise of Rome(753-509 B.C.) 61

Section Two The Roman Republic(509-30 B.C.) 64

Section Three The Eclipse of the Roman Republic(133-30 B.C.) 68

Section Four The Roman Empire(30 B.C.-476 A.D.) 73

Section Five Christianity in Rome(c.50 B.C.-313 A.D.) 78

Section Six The Roman Culture(753 B.C.-476 A.D.) 80

Chapter Review 85

Exercise 85

Voices on Key Points 87

Suggested Reading 87

Chapter Four Medieval Civilisation(476-c.1500) 88

Section One The Emergence of the Medieval Civilisation(476-c.750) 89

Section Two The Development of the Early Middle Ages(c.750-c.1000) 102

Section Three Significant Changes of the High Middle Ages(c.1001-c.1300) 109

Section Four The Decline of the Middle Ages(c.1300-c.1500) 117

Chapter Review 122

Exercise 123

Voices on Key Points 124

Suggested Reading 124

Chapter Five The Age of the Renaissance(14th-17th Century) 125

Section One The Rise of the Renaissance(14th-15th Century) 126

Section Two Arts and Literature in the Italian Renaissance(Mid-1400s-Late 1500s) 130

Section Three The Pattern of Politics in the Renaissance(1494-Early 1600s) 135

Section Four The Natural Science in the Renaissance(15th-17th Century) 138

Chapter Review 140

Exercise 141

Voices on Key Points 142

Suggested Reading 143

Chapter Six Protestant Reformation(1517-Late 16th Century) 144

Section One The Launch of the Reformation(Second Half of the 15th Century-1516) 145

Section Two German Protestant Reformation(1517-Early 16th Century) 147

Section Three Reformation outside Germany(1520s-Late 16th Century) 149

Section Four The Counter-Reformation(Mid-16th Century) 156

Chapter Review 158

Exercise 159

Voices on Kev Points 160

Suggested Reading 161

Chapter Seven Early Modern Times(c.1419-1800) 162

Section One Expansion of European Powers(c.1419-1800) 163

Section Two Social Disturbance(Early 17th-Early 18th Century)and the Age of Absolutism(c.1550-1800) 171

Section Three The Scientific Revolution(1543-1700)and the Enlightenment(c.1650-1800) 180

Section Four The Last Phase of the Old Order(1715-1789) 188

Chapter Review 194

Exercise 195

Voices on Key Points 196

Suggested Reading 197

Chapter Eight The Age of the Revolution and Industrialisation(1775-1860) 198

Section One The Revolutionary Era(1775-1815) 199

Section Two The Era of the First Industrial Revolution(1750-1860) 207

Chapter Review 215

Exercise 215

Voices on Kev Points 217

Suggested Reading 217

Chapter Nine Modernity in Europe(1815-1914) 218

Section One Suppression,Revolution，and Romanticism(1815-1850) 219

Section Two Nationalism and Realism(1850-1871) 227

Section Three The Age of Progress (1871-1894) 235

Section Four Anxiety and Tension(1894-1914) 242

Chapter Review 251

Exercise 252

Voices on Key Points 253

Suggested Reading 254

Chapter Ten World Wars and Post-war Era(1914-2000) 255

Section One Wars and Revolutions(1914-1945) 256

Section Two The Cold War and the New Era of the Western World(1945-2000) 264

Chapter Review 277

Exercise 277

Voices on Key Points 279

Suggested Reading 279

Culture Link 280

Proper Names 293

Key to Exercise 319

Bibliography 358