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PART Ⅰ The Context of Second Language Teaching and Learning 1

CHAPTER 1 The Conceptual Basis of Second Language Teaching and Learning 3

Humanistic Education and Experiential Learning 3

Communicative Language Teaching 9

Learner-Centered Education 10

Negotiated Curricula 16

Task-Based Language Teaching 24

Conclusion 34

References 36

CHAPTER 2 The Empirical Basis of Second Language Teaching and Learning 38

Is Learning a Second Language Like Learning a First? 39

What Is the Role of Chronological Age on the Acquisition of a Second Language? 41

What Is the Effect of Instruction on Acquisiton? 42

What Is the Relationship Between Task Types/Modes of Classroom Organization and Acquisition 51

What Is the Relationship Between Learning Strategies and Acquisitions? 55

Conclusion 63

References 65

CHAPTER 3 From the Traditional to the Contemporary In Second Language Teaching and Learning 69

Stimuli for Change 70

Syllabus Design 72

Approach to Teaching 74

Roles of Learners 75

Approach to Language 77

Using Language Texts 78

Facilities for Learning 81

Approach to Learning 82

Classroom Organization 83

Assessment 84

Language Out of Class 87

Conclusion 88

References 91

PART Ⅱ Language,Learners,and the Learning Process 93

CHAPTER 4 Focus on Language 95

Grammar and Grammaticality 96

Vocabulary 101

Pronunciation 105

Metaphors for Language Development 107

Language as Discourse 113

Creating Cohesion 117

Making Sense 127

Speech Acts 131

Background Knowledge 131

Pedagogical Implications 137

Conclusion 142

References 144

CHAPTER 5 Focus on the Learner 148

Learner Needs 148

Learner Roles and Contributions 156

Learner Choices 164

Conclusion 166

References 169

CHAPTER 6 The Learning Process 171

What Are Learning Strategies? 171

Introducing Strategies in the Classroom 172

Learning Strategies and Tasks 182

Encouraging Learner Independence 192

Conclusion 193

References 194

PART Ⅲ Language Skills In Action 197

CHAPTER 7 Listening 199

Listening in Another Language 200

Research Into Listening 205

The Role of the Learner in the Listening Process 209

The Database for Listening Courses 212

Task Types 215

Conclusion 221

References 223

CHAPTER 8 Speaking 225

The Nature of Speaking 226

The Reluctant Learner 231

Task Difficulty 236

Course Design Issues 237

Pedagogical Tasks 240

A Sample Speaking Lesson 242

Conclusion 245

References 247

CHAPTER 9 Reading 249

Reading in Another Language 249

Research Into Reading 256

Task Types 262

Designing Reading Courses 266

Conclusion 268

References 269

CHAPTER 10 Writing 271

The Nature of the Writing Process 272

Functional Grammar and Writing 278

A Discourse-Based Approach to Writing 287

Contrastive Rhetoric 296

Conclusion 298

References 299

GLOSSARY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING TERMINOLOGY 301

APPENDICES 317

INDEX 326

文库索引 331