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1．An Introduction to Public Speaking 1

2．The Ethics of Public Speaking 16

3．Speaking Confidently 32

4．Responding to Speeches 52

5．Analyzing Your Audience 74

6．Selecting Your Speech Topic 94

7．Researching Your Topic 112

8．Supporting Your Speech 132

9．Organizing the Body of Your Speech 154

10．Introducing and Concluding Your Speech 172

11．Outlining Your Speech 188

12．Wording Your Speech 206

13．Delivering Your Speech 224

14．Using Presentational Aids 242

15．Speaking to Inform 260

16．The Strategy of Persuasion 280

17．The Structure of Persuasion 298

18．Speaking on Special Occasions 324

19．Speaking in and as a Group 338

Appendix:Sample Speeches 357

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Public Speaking 1

Why Study Public Speaking? 2

Personal Benefits 2

Professional Benefits 3

Public Benefits 3

Definitions of Communication 4

Levels of Communication 6

Intrapersonal Communication 7

Interpersonal Communication 7

Group Communication 7

Public Communication 8

Mass Communication 8

Elements of Communication 9

Speaker 10

Message 10

Listener 10

Feedback 10

Channel 11

Environment 11

Noise 12

The public Speaker as Critical Thinker 12

Theory into Practice:Thinking about Speaking 14

Summary 14

Exercises 15

Chapter 2 The Ethics of Public Speaking 16

Definition of Ethics 18

Principles of Ethics 19

Ethicai Speaking 20

Speak Up about Topics You Consider Important 20

Choose Topics That Promote Positive Ethical Values 21

Speak to Benefit Your Listeners 21

Use Truthful Supporting Material and Valid Reasoning 22

Consider the Consequences of Your Words and Actions 22

Strive to Improve Your Public Speaking 23

Ethical Listening 23

Seek Exposure to Well-Informed Speakers 23

Avoid Prejudging Speakers or Their Ideas 23

Evaluate the Speaker's Logic and Credibility 24

Beware of the Consequences of Not Listening Carefully 24

Fair Use Guidelines 25

Plagiarism 26

Theory into Practice:Civility in the Classroom 30

Summary 30

Exercises 31

Chapter 3 Speaking Confidently 32

Recognize That Speaker Nervousness Is Normal 34

Control Speaker Nervousness 37

Learn How to Build Speaker Confidence 37

Know How You React to Stress 37

Know Your Strengths and Weaknesses 38

Know Speech Principles 38

Speaking with Confidence:Mariely Sanchez-Moronta,Marymount Manhattan College 39

Know That It Always Looks Worse from the Inside 39

Know Your Speech 39

Believe in Your Topic 40

View Speech Making Positively 40

Visualize Success 41

Project Confidence 41

Theory into Practice:Gaining Perspective 42

Test Your Message 42

Practice Your Delivery 43

Prepare Your First Speech 43

Understand the Assignment 44

Develop Your Speech Content 44

Organize Your Speech 45

Word Your Speech 47

Practice Your Speech 48

Deliver Your Speech 48

Evaluate Your Speech 49

Ethical Decisions:Being Yourself 50

Summary 51

Exercises 51

Chapter 4 Responding to Speeches 52

The Importance of Listening 55

Listening versus Hearing 55

Listening Is Intermittent 56

Listening Is a Learned Skill 56

Listening Is Active 56

Listening Implies Using the Message Received 56

The Process of Listening 57

Receive 57

Select 57

Interpret 58

Understand 58

Evaluate 58

Resolve 58

Obstacles to Effective Listening 59

Physical Distractions 59

Physiological Distractions 59

Psychological Distractions 59

Factual Distractions 59

Semantic Distractions 60

Promoting Better Listening 60

Desire to Listen 60

Focus on the Message 61

Listen for Main Ideas 61

Understand the Speaker's Point of View 61

Reinforce the Message 62

Provide Feedback 63

Listen with the Body 63

Withhold Judgment 63

Speaking with Confidence:Rachel Agustin,Radford University 64

Listen Critically 64

Critiquing Speeches 65

Begin with a Positive Statement 66

Target a Few Key Areas for Improvement 67

Organize Your Comments 67

Be Specific 67

Be Honest but Tactful 68

Personalize Your Comments 68

Reinforce the Positive 68

Problem-Solve the Negative 69

Provide the Speaker with a Plan of Action 69

End with a Positive Statement 69

Theory into Practice:Critiquing a Classmate 70

Acting on Criticism 70

Focus on What Your Critics Say,Not How They Say It 72

Seek Clear and Specific Feedback 72

Evaluate the Feedback You Receive 72

Develop a Plan of Action 72

Summary 73

Exercises 73

Chapter 5 Analyzing Your Audience 74

Recognize the Value of Audience Diversity 76

Analyze Your Audience before the Speech 78

Analyze Audience Demographics 78

Speaking with Confidence:Krystal Graves,West Texas A＆M University 79

Analyze Audience Psychographics 82

Analyze Audience Needs 83

Analyze Specific Speaking Situations 86

Analyze Your Audience during the Speech 88

Theory into Practice:Using an Audience Questionnaire 89

Ethical Decisions:Ghosting 101 90

Analyze Your Audience after the Speech 91

Summary 92

Exercises 92

Chapter 6 Selecting Your Speech Topic 94

Generate Ideas 96

Self-Generated Topics 97

Speaking with Confidence:Bryan McClure,Virginia Tech University 99

Audience-Generated Topics 99

Occasion-Generated Topics 100

Research-Generated Topics 101

Focus Your Topic 102

Theory into Practice:Selecting Your Topic 103

Determine Your General Purpose 105

Speeches to Inform 105

Speeches to Persuade 106

Speeches to Entertain 106

Formulate Your Specific Purpose 106

Word Your Thesis Statement 107

Develop Your Speech Title 108

Ethical Decisions:Should Instructors Censor? 109

Summary 110

Exercises 110

Chapter 7 Researching Your Topic 112

Assess Your Personal Knowledge 115

Develop Your Research Plan 115

Theory into Practice:Developing Personal Speech Resources 116

Collect Your Information 116

The Internet 116

Library Resources 117

Magazines and Journals 117

Newspapers 119

Government Documents 120

Books 120

Reference Works 121

Television and Radio 123

Interviews 123

Speaking with Confidence:Matthew Williams,Radford University 124

Calling,Writing,and Emailing for Information 125

Record Your Information 127

What to Record 127

How to Record Information 127

Ethical Decisions:The Privacy of Public Information 128

Conclude Your Search 130

Summary 130

Exercises 131

Chapter 8 Supporting Your Speech 132

Purposes of Supporting Materials 134

Clarity 134

Vividness 135

Credibility 135

Types of Supporting Materials 136

Examples 136

Definition 138

Narration 140

Comparison 141

Contrast 141

Statistics 142

Testimony 143

Tests of Evidence 144

Is the Evidence Quoted in Context? 144

Is the Source of the Evidence an Expert? 146

Is the Source of the Evidence Unbiased? 146

Is the Evidence Relevant? 146

Is the Evidence Specific? 147

Is the Evidence Sufficient? 147

Is the Evidence Timely? 147

Evaluating Electronic Information 148

Purpose 148

Expertise 148

Objectivity 149

Accuracy 149

Timeliness 149

Citing Your Sources 149

Ethical Decisions:Biased Sources:To Use or Not to Use 150

Speaking with Confidence:Elisabeth Pallante,Radford University 150

Theory into Practice:Information for Oral Footnotes 151

Summary 152

Exercises 152

Chapter 9 Organizing the Body of Your Speech 154

Formulate an Organizing Question 156

Divide the Speech into Key Ideas 157

Topical Division 157

Chronological Division 158

Spatial Division 159

Speaking with Confidence:Corey Town,San Antonio College 159

Causal Division 160

Pro-Con Division 160

Mnemonic or Gimmick Division 161

Problem-Solution Division 162

Need-Plan Division 163

Develop the Key Ideas 163

Signpost the Idea 164

State the Idea 164

Support the Idea 165

Summarize the Idea 166

Connect the Key Ideas 166

Theory into Practice:Applying The“4 S's” 167

Ethical Decisions:Crunch Time 169

Summary 170

Exercises 170

Chapter 10 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech 172

Organize the Introduction of the Speech 174

Get the Attention of Your Audience 174

Speaking with Confidence:Jacquine Stenz,Montana State University 176

State Your Topic 179

Establish the Importance of Your Topic 179

Establish Your Credibility to Speak on Your Topic 180

Preview Your Key Ideas 180

Put It All Together 181

Organize the Conclusion of the Speech 182

Summarize Your Key Ideas 182

Activate Audience Response 183

Provide Closure 184

Put It All Together 184

Theory into Practice:Outward Method of Speech Development 185

Ethical Decisions:Revealing versus Concealing Your Purpose 186

Summary 186

Exercises 187

Chapter 11 Outlining Your Speech 188

Functions of Outlining 190

Tests Scope of Content 190

Tests Logical Relation of Parts 190

Tests Relevance of Supporting Ideas 191

Checks Balance of Speech 192

Seryes as Delivery Notes 192

Principles of Outlining 192

Singularity 192

Speaking with Confidence:Alana Kwast,San Antonio College 193

Consistency 193

Adequacy 193

Uniformity 194

Parallelism 194

Stages of Outlining 194

The Working Outline 195

Theory into Practice:Visual Brainstorming 196

The Formal Outline 197

The Speaking Outline 200

Ethical Decisions:Fair and Balanced? 203

Summary 204

Exercises 204

Chapter 12 Wording Your Speech 206

Functions of Language 208

Communicate Ideas 208

Send Messages about User 208

Strengthen Social Bonds 209

Serve as Instrument of Play 209

Speaking with Confidence:Suzanne L.Hamilton,San Antonio College 209

Check Language Use 210

Principles of Effective Language Use 211

Use Language Correctly 211

Use Language Clearly 212

Use Language Vividly 213

Use Language Inclusively 218

Use Oral Style 220

Theory into Practice:Keys to Effective Oral Style 220

Ethical Decisions:Doublespeak or Clearspeak 221

Summary 222

Exercises 222

Chapter 13 Delivering Your Speech 224

Principles of Nonverbal Communication 226

Speaking with Confidence:Michael Gino,Suffolk County Community College,Selden,New York 227

Methods of Delivery 227

Speaking Impromptu 228

Speaking from Memory 228

Speaking from Manuscript 228

Speaking Extemporaneously 228

Qualities of Effective Delivery 230

Elements of Vocal Delivery 231

Rate and Pause 231

Volume 232

Pitch and Inflection 233

Voice Quality 234

Articulation and Pronunciation 234

Elements of Physical Delivery 235

Appearance 235

Posture 236

Theory into Practice:Dressing fot Address 236

Facial Expression 237

Eye Contact 237

Movement 238

Gestures 238

Ethical Decisions:Delivery versus Content 239

Summary 240

Exercises 240

Chapter 14 Using Presentational Aids 242

The Importance of Using Presentational Aids 244

Increases Message Clarity 244

Reinforces Message Impact 244

Speaking with Confidence:Lauren Fishman,Suffolk County Community College,Selden,New York 245

Increases Speaker Dynamism 245

Enhances Speaker Confidence 245

Types of Presentational Aids 246

Objects 246

Pictures 246

Diagrams 247

Graphs 248

Charts 249

Maps 249

Film and Video 250

Handouts 251

Audio and Other Aids 251

Projection of presentational Aids 252

Slides 252

Transparencies 252

Opaque Projections 253

Computer Graphics 253

Strategies for Using Presentational Aids 253

Before the Speech 253

Theory into Practice:Designing Transparencies and Slides 254

During the Speech 256

Ethical Decisions:Fair Use or Copyright Infringement 257

Summary 258

Exercises 259

Chapter 15 Speaking to Inform 260

Characteristics of a Speech to Inform 262

Informative Speech Topics 264

Speeches about People 264

Speaking with Confidence:Patty Pak,Virginia Tech University 265

Speeches about Objects 265

Speeches about Places 266

Speeches about Activities and Events 267

Speeches about Processes 268

Speeches about Concepts 268

Speeches about Conditions 269

Speeches about Issues 270

Guidelines for Speaking to Inform 271

Stress Your Informative Purpose 271

Be Objective 271

Theory into Practice:Organizing Informative Speeches 272

Be Specific 273

Ethical Decisions:Managing Bias in an Informative Speech 273

Be Clear 274

Be Accurate 274

Limit Your Ideas and Supporting Materials 274

Be Relevant 274

Use Appropriate Organization 275

Use Appropriate Forms of Support 275

Use Effective Delivery 275

Annotated Sample Speech:Renaissance Fairs:The New Vaudeville 276

Summary 278

Exercises 278

Chapter 16 The Strategy of Persuasion 280

The Importance of Persuasion 282

A Definition of Persuasion 283

Types of Inffuence 283

Change 284

Instill 284

Intensify 284

Types of Persuasive Speeches 285

Speeches to Convince 285

Speeches to Actuate 285

Speeches to Inspire 286

Persuasive Speaking Strategies 286

Establish Your Credibility 286

Speaking with Confidence：Gene Fox,San Antonio College 287

Focus Your Goals 289

Ethical Decisions:Dynamism:Masking or Making Credibility 290

Connect with Your Listeners 291

Organize Your Arguments 293

Support Your Ideas 294

Enhance Your Emotional Appeals 294

Theory into Practice:Developing Emotional Appeals 295

Summary 296

Exercises 297

Chapter 17 The Structure of Persuasion 298

Making and Refuting Arguments 300

Steps of an Argument 300

Refuting an Argument 301

Types of Argument 302

Argument by Example 302

Argument by Analogy 303

Argument bv Cause 304

Argument bv Deduction 306

Argument by Authority 308

Speaking with Confidence:Brian Davis,Virginia Tech University 308

Theory into Practice:Testing Your Arguments 309

Fallacies of Argument 309

Hasty Generalization 310

False Analogy 310

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 310

Slippery Slope 311

Red Herring 311

Appeal to Tradition 312

False Dilemma 312

False Authority 313

Bandwagon 314

Ad Hominem 314

Selecting Propositions for Persuasive Speeches 315

Characteristics of Propositions 315

Types of Propositions 316

Monroe's Motivated Sequence 317

Annotated Sample Speech:Sustainable Giving 319

Summary 322

Exercises 323

Chapter 18 Speaking on Special Occasions 324

The Speech of Introduction 326

The Speech of Presentation 327

The Acceptance Speech 329

The Speech of Tribute 330

The Speech to Entertain 331

Theory into Practice:Appearing on Video 332

The Impromptu Speech 334

The Question-Answer Period 334

Ethical Decisions:How(and Whether)to Polish a Bad Apple 336

Summary 337

Exercises 337

Chapter 19 Speaking in and as a Group 338

Small-Group Communication and Public Speaking 340

Small Groups Defined 340

Types of Groups 341

Group Discussion and Decision Making 342

Principles of Group Decision Making 343

The Process of Group Decision Making 344

The Responsibilities of Group Members 346

The Responsibilities of Group Leaders 348

The Group presentation 350

Formats for the Presentation 350

Preparing a Group Presentation 351

Speaking with Confidence:Cynthia Opakunle,Radford University 352

Ethical Decisions:Leader and Member Responses When Groups Fail 353

Theory into Practice:Developing a Presentational Style 353

Summary 354

Exercises 355

Appendix:Sample Speeches 357

Endnotes 375

Glossary 387

Name Index 395

Subject Index 399