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CHEMISTRY EIGHTH EDITIONpdf电子书版本下载
- RAYMOND CHANG WITH BRANDON CRUICKSHANK 著
- 出版社： MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
- ISBN：
- 出版时间：2005
- 标注页数：1039页
- 文件大小：296MB
- 文件页数：1121页
- 主题词：
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图书目录
Chapter 1 Chemistry: The Study of Change 2
1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century 4
1.2 The Study of Chemistry 7
1.3 The Scientific Method 8
Chemistry in ActionPrimordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory 10
1.4 Classifications of Matter 11
1.5 The Three States of Matter 13
1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 14
1.7 Measurement 15
Chemistry in ActionThe Importance of Units 21
1.8 Handling Numbers 20
1.9 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems 27
Key Equations 31
Summary of Facts and Concepts 31
Key Words 31
Questions and Problems 32
Chemical MysteryThe Disappearance of the Dinosaurs 38
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 40
2.1 The Atomic Theory 42
2.2 The Structure of the Atom 43
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes 49
2.4 The Periodic Table 51
Chemistry in ActionDistribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems 53
2.5 Molecules and Ions 52
2.6 Chemical Formulas 55
2.7 Naming Compounds 59
Summary of Facts and Concepts 68
Key Words 68
Questions and Problems 69
Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 74
3.1 Atomic Mass 76
3.2 Avogadro's Number and Molar Mass of an Element 77
3.3 Molecular Mass 81
3.4 The Mass Spectrometer 84
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 84
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 88
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 90
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products 95
3.9 Limiting Reagents 99
3.10 Reaction Yield 101
Chemistry in ActionChemical Fertilizers 102
Key Equations 104
Summary of Facts and Concepts 104
Key Words 105
Questions and Problems 105
Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 114
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 116
4.2 Precipitation Reactions 118
Chemistry in ActionAn Undesirable Precipitation Reaction 122
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 121
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 126
Chemistry in ActionBreath Analyzer 138
4.5 Concentration of Solutions 139
4.6 Gravimetric Analysis 143
4.7 Acid-Base Titrations 145
4.8 Redox Titrations 148
Chemistry in ActionMetal from the Sea 150
Key Equations 150
Summary of Facts and Concepts 150
Key Words 151
Questions and Problems 151
Chemical MysteryWho Killed Napoleon? 160
Chapter 5 Gases 162
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 164
5.2 Pressure of a Gas 165
5.3 The Gas Laws 169
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 175
5.5 Gas Stoichiometry 184
5.6 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 186
Chemistry in ActionScuba Diving and the Gas Laws 192
5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theoryof Gases 191
Chemistry in ActionSuper Cold Atoms 198
5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior 199
Key Equations 202
Summaryof Facts and Concepts 202
Key Words 203
Questions and Problems 203
Chemical MysteryOut of Oxygen 212
Chapter 6 Thermochemistry 214
6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy 216
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 217
6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics 219
Chemistry in ActionMaking Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire 224
6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions 225
6.5 Calorimetry 230
Chemistry in ActionFuel Values of Foods and Other Substances 236
6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction 237
Chemistry in ActionHow a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself 242
6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution 243
Key Equations 245
Summaryof Facts and Concepts 246
Key Words 246
Questions and Problems 247
Chemical MysteryThe Exploding Tire 256
Chapter 7 Quantum Theory and theElectronic Structure of Atoms 258
7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 260
7.2 The Photoelectric Effect 264
7.3 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 266
Chemistry in ActionElement from the Sun 272
Chemistry in ActionLaser—The Splendid Light 274
7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron 271
Chemistry in ActionElectron Microscopy 276
7.5 Quantum Mechanics 277
7.6 Quantum Numbers 279
7.7 Atomic Orbitals 281
7.8 Electron Configuration 285
7.9 The Building-Up Principle 292
Key Equations 295
Summary of Facts and Concepts 296
Key Words 297
Questions and Problems 297
Chapter 8 Periodic RelationshipsAmong the Elements 304
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 306
8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 308
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 312
Chemistry in ActionThe Third Liquid Element? 319
8.4 Ionization Energy 319
8.5 Electron Affinity 323
8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements 325
Chemistry in ActionDiscoveryof the Noble Gases 336
Summary of Facts and Concepts 337
Key Words 337
Questions and Problems 338
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding Ⅰ: Basic Concepts 344
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 346
9.2 The Ionic Bond 347
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 349
Chemistry in ActionSodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound 353
9.4 The Covalent Bond 354
9.5 Electronegativity 357
9.6 Writing Lewis Structures 360
9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure 362
9.8 The Concept of Resonance 365
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 367
Chemistry in ActionJust Say NO 372
9.10 Bond Energy 372
Key Equation 377
Summary of Facts and Concepts 377
Key Words 378
Questions and Problems 378
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Ⅱ: Molecular Geometryand Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 384
10.1 Molecular Geometry 386
10.2 Dipole Moment 395
Chemistry in ActionMicrowave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work 398
10.3 Valance Bond Theory 401
10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 403
10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds 412
10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 415
10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations 418
10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 423
Chemistry in ActionBuckyball, Anyone? 426
Key Equations 425
Summary of Facts and Concepts 425
Key Words 428
Questions and Problems 428
Chapter 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids 434
11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theoryof Liquids and Solids 436
11.2 Intermolecular Forces 437
11.3 Properties of Liquids 443
Chemistry in ActionWhy Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down? 447
11.4 Crystal Structure 446
11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 453
11.6 Types of Crystals 455
11.7 Amorphous Solids 460
Chemistry in ActionHigh-Temperature Superconductors 460
11.8 Phase Changes 462
11.9 Phase Diagrams 471
Chemistry in ActionHard-Soiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers,and Ice Skating 473
Chemistry in ActionLiquid Crystals 474
Key Equations 476
Summary of Facts and Concepts 476
Key Words 477
Questions and Problems 477
Chapter 12 Physical Properties of Solutions 486
12.1 Types of Solutions 488
12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process 489
12.3 Concentration Units 491
12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 495
12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases 497
Chemistry in ActionThe Killer Lake 500
12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 499
12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 512
Chemistryin ActionDesalination 516
12.8 Colloids 514
Key Equations 518
Summary of Facts and Concepts 519
Key Words 519
Questions and Problems 520
Chemical MysteryThe Wrong Knife 528
Chapter 13 Chemical Kinetics 530
13.1 The Rate of a Reaction 532
13.2 The Rate Law 539
13.3 Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time 543
Chemistry in ActionDetermining the Age of the Shroud of Turin 552
13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence ofRate Constants 554
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 560
Chemistry in ActionFemtochemistry 565
13.6 Catalysis 566
Key Equations 573
Sumrnary of Facts and Concepts 574
Key Words 574
Questions and Problems 575
Chapter 14 Chemical Equilibrium 584
14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 586
14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 588
14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and ChemicalEquilibrium 600
14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us? 601
14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 607
Chemistry in ActionLife at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production 613
Chemistry in ActionThe Haber Process 614
Key Equations 616
Summary of Facts and Concepts 616
Key Words 617
Questions and Problems 617
Chapter 15 Acids and Bases 626
15.1 Bronsted Acids and Bases 628
15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 629
15.3 pH—AMeasure of Acidity 631
15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 634
15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 638
15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 645
15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acidsand Their Conjugate Bases 647
15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 648
15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 652
15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 656
15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 661
15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 664
Chemistry in ActionAntacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach 666
Key Equations 668
Summary of Facts and Concepts 668
Key Words 669
Questions and Problems 669
Chemical MysteryDecaying Papers 676
Chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria andSolubility Equilibria 678
16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria 680
16.2 The Common Ion Effect 680
16.3 Buffer Solutions 683
Chemistry in ActionMaintaining the pH of Blood 688
16.4 Acid-Base Titrations 690
16.5 Acid-Base Indicators 698
16.6 Solubility Equilibria 700
16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation 707
16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 709
16.9 pH and Solubility 710
16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility 713
16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle toQualitative Analysis 718
Chemistry in ActionHow an Eggshell Is Formed 719
Key Equation 721
Summary of Facts and Concepts 721
Key Words 722
Questions and Problems 722
Chemical MysteryA Hard-Boiled Snack 728
Chapter 17 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 730
17.1 Earth's Atmosphere 732
17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere 735
17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere 737
17.4 Volcanoes 742
17.5 The Greenhouse Effect 743
17.6 Acid Rain 748
17.7 Photochemical Smog 751
17.8 Indoor Pollution 753
Summary of Facts and Concepts 756
Key Words 757
Questions and Problems 757
Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 762
18.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 764
18.2 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 764
18.3 Entropy 765
18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 770
Chemistry in ActionThe Efficiency of Heat Engines 776
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy 775
18.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 782
18.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 786
Chemistry in ActionThe Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band 787
Key Equations 789
Summary of Facts and Concepts 789
Key Words 789
Questions and Problems 790
Chapter 19 Electrochemistry 796
19.1 Redox Reactions 798
19.2 Galvanic Cells 801
19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 803
19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions 809
19.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf 812
19.6 Batteries 816
19.7 Corrosion 821
19.8 Electrolysis 825
Chemistry in ActionDental Filling Discomfort 831
Key Equations 830
Summary of Facts and Concepts 831
Key Words 832
Questions and Problems 832
Chemical MysteryTainted Water 840
Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals 842
20.1 Occurrence of Metals 844
20.2 Metallurgical Processes 844
20.3 Band Theory of Conductivity 852
20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties 854
20.5 The Alkali Metals 855
20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals 859
20.7 Aluminum 861
Chemistry in ActionRecycling Aluminum 864
Summary of Facts and Concepts 864
Key Words 866
Questions and Problems 866
Chapter 21 Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds 870
21.1 General Properties of Nonmetals 872
21.2 Hydrogen 872
Chemistry in ActionMetallic Hydrogen 878
21.3 Carbon 877
Chemistry in ActionSynthetic Gas from Coal 881
21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 880
Chemistry in ActionAmmonium Nitrate—The Explosive Feilizer 889
21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur 888
21.6 The Halogens 896
Summary of Facts and Concepts 904
Key Words 905
Questions and Problems 905
Chapter 22 Transition Metal Chemistry andCoordination Compounds 910
22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals 912
22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper 915
22.3 Coordination Compounds 917
22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds 921
22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory 925
22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 934
Chemistry in ActionCoordination Compounds in Living Systems 930
22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds 934
Chemistry in ActionCisplatin—The Anticancer Drug 932
Key Equation 936
Summary of Facts and Concepts 936
Key Words 936
Questions and Problems 936
Chemical MysteryDating Paintings with Prussian Blue 940
Chapter 23 Nuclear Chemistry 942
23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 944
23.2 Nuclear Stability 946
23.3 Natural Radioactiviry 951
23.4 Nuclear Transmutation 954
23.5 Nuclear Fission 957
Chemistry in ActionNature's Own Fission Reactor 962
23.6 Nuclear Fusion 963
23.7 Uses of Isotopes 965
23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 967
Chemistryin ActionFood Irradiation 969
Key Equation 970
Summary of Facts and Concepts 970
Key Words 971
Questions and Problems 971
Chemical MysteryThe ArtForgery of the Twentieth Century 976
Chapter 24 Organic Chemistry 978
24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds 980
24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 980
Chemistry in ActionIce That Burns 992
24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 993
24.4 Chemist of the Functional Groups 996
Chemistry in ActionThe Petroleum Indust 1003
Summary of Facts and Concepts 1004
Key Words 1005
Questions and Problems 1006
Chemical MysteryThe Disappearing Fingerprints 1012
Chapter 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers 1014
25.1 Properties of Polymers 1016
25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 1016
25.3 Proteins 1021
25.4 Nucleic Acids 1030
Chemisty in Action Sicke Cell Anemia-A Molecular Disease 1030
Chemisty in ActionDNAFingerprinting 1034
Summary Facts and Concepts 1035
Key Words 1035
Questions and Problems 1035
Chemical Mystery Astory That Curl Your Hair 1038
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