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Preface 1

Preface to the 2nd edition 4

Java 2 6

The CD ROM 7

Introduction 9

Prerequisites 9

Learning Java 10

Goals 11

Online documentation 12

Chapters 13

Exercises 19

Multimedia CD ROM 19

Source code 20

Coding standards 22

Java versions 22

Seminars and mentoring 23

Errors 23

Note on the cover design 24

Acknowledgements 25

Internet contributors 28

1：Introduction to Objects 29

The progress of abstraction 30

An object has an interface 32

The hidden implementation 35

Reusing the implementation 37

Inheritance：reusing the interface 38

Is-a vs.is-like-a relationships 42

Interchangeable objects with polymorphism 44

Abstract base classes and interfaces 48

Object landscapes and lifetimes 49

Collections and iterators 51

The singly rooted hierarchy 53

Collection libraries and support for easy collection use 54

The housekeeping dilemma：who should clean up？ 55

Exception handling：dealing with errors 57

Multithreading 58

Persistence 60

Java and the Internet 60

What is the Web？ 60

Client-side programming 63

Server-side programming 70

A separate arena：applications 71

Analysis and design 71

Phase 0：Make a plan 74

Phase 1：What are we making？ 75

Phase 2：How will we build it？ 79

Phase 3：Build the core 83

Phase 4：Iterate the use cases 84

Phase 5：Evolution 85

Plans pay off 87

Extreme programming 88

Write tests first 88

Pair programming 90

Why Java succeeds 91

Systems are easier to 91

express and understand 91

Maximal leverage with libraries 92

Error handling 92

Programming in the large 92

Strategies for transition 93

Guidelines 93

Management obstacles 95

Java vs.C＋＋？ 97

Summary 98

2：Everything is an Object 101

You manipulate objects with references 101

You must create all the objects 103

Where storage lives 103

Special case：primitive types 105

Arrays in Java 107

You never need to destroy an object 107

Scoping 108

Scope of objects 109

Creating new data types：class 110

Fields and methods 110

Methods，arguments，and return values 112

The argument list 114

Building a Java program 115

Name visibility 115

Using other components 116

The static keyword 117

Your first Java program 119

Compiling and running 121

Comments and embedded documentation 122

Comment documentation 123

Syntax 124

Embedded HTML 125

＠see：referring to other classes 125

Class documentation tags 126

Variable documentation tags 127

Method documentation tags 127

Documentation example 128

Coding style 129

Summary 130

Exercises 130

3：Controlling Program Flow 133

Using Java operators 133

Precedence 134

Assignment 134

Mathematical operators 137

Auto increment and decrement 139

Relational operators 141

Logical operators 143

Bitwise operators 146

Shift operators 147

Ternary if-else operator 151

The comma operator 152

String operator ＋ 153

Common pitfalls when using operators 153

Casting operators 154

Java has no “sizeof” 158

Precedence revisited 158

A compendium of operators 159

Execution control 170

true and false 170

if-else 171

Iteration 172

do-while 173

for 173

break and continue 175

switch 183

Summary 187

Exercises 188

4：Initialization ＆ Cleanup 191

Guaranteed initialization with the constructor 191

Method overloading 194

Distinguishing overloaded methods 196

Overloading with primitives 197

Overloading on return values 202

Default constructors 202

The this keyword 203

Cleanup：finalization and garbage collection 207

What is finalize（ ） for？ 208

You must perform cleanup 209

The death condition 214

How a garbage collector works 215

Member initialization 219

Specifying initialization 221

Constructor initialization 223

Array initialization 231

Multidimensional arrays 236

Summary 239

Exercises 240

5：Hiding the Implementation 243

package：the library unit 244

Creating unique package names 247

A custom tool library 251

Using imports to change behavior 252

Package caveat 254

Java access specifiers 255

“Friendly” 255

public：interface access 256

private：you can’t touch that！ 258

protected：“sort of friendly” 260

Interface and implementation 261

Class access 263

Summary 267

Exercises 268

6：Reusing Classes 271

Composition syntax 271

Inheritance syntax 275

Initializing the base class 278

Combining composition and inheritance 281

Guaranteeing proper cleanup 283

Name hiding 286

Choosing composition vs.inheritance 288

protected 290

Incremental development 291

Upcasting 291

Why “upcasting”？ 293

The final keyword 294

Final data 294

Final methods 299

Final classes 301

Final caution 302

Initialization and class loading 304

Initialization with inheritance 304

Summary 306

Exercises 307

7：Polymorphism 311

Upcasting revisited 311

Forgetting the object type 313

The twist 315

Method-call binding 315

Producing the right behavior 316

Extensibility 320

Overriding vs.overloading 324

Abstract classes and methods 325

Constructors and polymorphism 330

Order of constructor calls 330

Inheritance and finalize（ ） 333

Behavior of polymorphic methods inside constructors 337

Designing with inheritance 339

Pure inheritance vs.extension 341

Downcasting and run-time type identification 343

Summary 346

Exercises 346

8：Interfaces ＆Inner Classes 349

Interfaces 349

“Multiple inheritance” in Java 354

Extending an interface with inheritance 358

Grouping constants 359

Initializing fields in interfaces 361

Nesting interfaces 362

Inner classes 365

Inner classes and upcasting 368

Inner classes in methods and scopes 370

Anonymous inner classes 373

The link to the outer class 376

static inner classes 379

Referring to the outer class object 381

Reaching outward from a multiply-nested class 383

Inheriting from inner classes 384

Can inner classes be overridden？ 385

Inner class identifiers 387

Why inner classes？ 388

Inner classes ＆control frameworks 394

Summary 402

Exercises 403

9：Holding Your Objects 407

Arrays 407

Arrays are first-class objects 409

Returning an array 413

The Arrays class 415

Filling an array 428

Copying an array 429

Comparing arrays 430

Array element comparisons 431

Sorting an array 435

Searching a sorted array 437

Array summary 439

Introduction to containers 439

Printing containers 441

Filling containers 442

Container disadvantage：unknown type 450

Sometimes it works anyway 452

Making a type-conscious ArrayList 454

Iterators 456

Container taxonomy 460

Collection functionality 463

List functionality 467

Making a stack om a LinkedList 471

Making a queue from a LinkedList 472

Set functionality 473

SortedSet 476

Map functionality 476

SortedMap 482

Hashing and hash codes 482

Overriding hashCode（） 492

Holding references 495

The WeakHashMap 498

Iterators revisited 500

Choosing an implementation 501

Choosing between Lists 502

Choosing between Sets 506

Choosing between Maps 508

Sorting and searching Lists 511

Utilities 512

Making a Collection or Map unmodiable 513

Synchronizing a Collection or Map 514

Unsupported operations 516

Java 1.0/1.1 containers 519

Vector ＆ Enumeration 519

Hashtable 521

Stack 521

BitSet 522

Summary 524

Exercises 525

10：Error Handling with Exceptions 531

Basic exceptions 532

Exception arguments 533

Catching an exception 534

The try block 535

Exception handlers 535

Creating your own exceptions 537

The exception specication 542

Catching any exception 543

Rethrowing an exception 545

Standard Java exceptions 549

The special case of RuntimeException 550

Performing cleanup with finally 552

What’s finally for？ 554

Pitfall：the lost exception 557

Exception restrictions 558

Constructors 562

Exception matching 566

Exception guidelines 568

Summary 568

Exercises 569

11：The Java I/O System 573

The File class 574

A directory lister 574

Checking for and creating directories 578

Input and output 581

Types of InputStream 581

Types of OutputStream 583

Adding attributes and useful interfaces 585

Reading from an InputStream with FilterInputStream 586

Writing to an OutputStream with FilterOutputStream 587

Readers ＆ Writers 589

Sources and sinks of data 590

Modifying stream behavior 591

Unchanged Classes 592

Off by itself：RandomAccessFile 593

Typical uses of I/O streams 594

Input streams 597

Output streams 599

A bug？ 601

Piped streams 602

Standard I/O 602

Reading from standard input 603

Changing System.out to a PrintWriter 604

Redirecting standard I/O 604

Compression 606

Simple compression with GZIP 607

Multifile storage with Zip 608

Java ARchives （JARs） 611

Object serialization 613

Finding the class 618

Controlling serialization 619

Using persistence 630

Tokenizing input 639

StreamTokenizer 639

StringTokenizer 642

Checking capitalization style 645

Summary 655

Exercises 656

12：Run-time Type Identification 659

The need for RTTI 659

The Class object 662

Checking before a cast 665

RTTI syntax 674

Reflection：run-time class information 677

A class method extractor 679

Summary 685

Exercises 686

13 Creating Windows ＆ Applets 689

The basic applet 692

Applet restrictions 692

Applet advantages 693

Application frameworks 694

Running applets inside a Web browser 695

Using Appletviewer 698

Testing applets 698

Running applets from the command line 700

A display framework 702

Using the Windows Explorer 705

Making a button 706

Capturing an event 707

Text areas 711

Controlling layout 712

BorderLayout 713

FlowLayout 714

GridLayout 715

GridBagLayout 716

Absolute positioning 716

BoxLayout 717

The best approach？ 721

The Swing event model 722

Event and listener types 723

Tracking multiple events 730

A catalog of Swing components 734

Buttons 734

Icons 738

Tool tips 740

Text fields 740

Borders 743

JScrollPanes 744

A mini-editor 747

Check boxes 748

Radio buttons 750

Combo boxes（drop-down lists） 751

List boxes 753

Tabbed panes 755

Message boxes 756

Menus 759

Pop-up menus 766

Drawing 768

Dialog Boxes 771

File dialogs 776

HTML on Swing components 779

Sliders and progress bars 780

Trees 781

Tables 784

Selecting Look ＆ Feel 787

The clipboard 790

Packaging an applet into a JAR file 793

Programming techniques 794

Binding events dynamically 794

Separating business logic from UI logic 796

A canonical form 799

Visual programming and Beans 800

What is a Bean？ 801

Extracting BeanInfo with the Introspector 804

A more sophisticated Bean 811

Packaging a Bean 816

More complex Bean support 818

More to Beans 819

Summary 819

Exercises 820

14：Multiple Threads 825

Responsive user interfaces 826

Inheriting from Thread 828

Threading for a responsive interface 831

Combining the thread with the main class 834

Making many threads 836

Daemon threads 840

Sharing limited resources 842

Improperly accessing resources 842

How Java shares resources 848

JavaBeans revisited 854

Blocking 859

Becoming blocked 860

Deadlock 872

Priorities 877

Reading and setting priorities 878

Thread groups 882

Runnable revisited 891

Too many threads 894

Summary 899

Exercises 901

15：Distributed Computing 903

Network programming 904

Identifying a machine 905

Sockets 909

Serving multiple clients 917

Datagrams 923

Using URLs from within an applet 923

More to networking 926

Java Database Connectivity （JDBC） 927

Getting the example to work 931

A GUI version of the lookup program 935

Why the JDBC API seems so complex 938

A more sophisticated example 939

Servlets 948

The basic servlet 949

Servlets and multithreading 954

Handling sessions with servlets 955

Running the servlet examples 960

Java Server Pages 960

Implicit objects 962

JSP directives 963

JSP scripting elements 964

Extracting fields and values 966

JSP page attributes and scope 968

Manipulating sessions in JSP 969

Creating and modifying cookies 971

JSP summary 972

RMI （Remote Method Invocation） 973

Remote interfaces 973

Implementing the remote interface 974

Creating stubs and skeletons 978

Using the remote object 979

CORBA 980

CORBA fundamentals 981

An example 983

Java Applets and CORBA 989

CORBA vs.RMI 989

Enterprise JavaBeans 990

JavaBeans vs.EJBs 991

The EJB specification 992

EJB components 993

The pieces of an EJB component 994

EJB operation 995

Types of EJBs 996

Developing an EJB 997

EJB summary 1003

Jini：distributed services 1003

Jini in context 1003

What is Jini？ 1004

How Jini works 1005

The discovery process 1006

The join process 1006

The lookup process 1007

Separation of interface and implementation 1008

Abstracting distributed systems 1009

Summary 1010

Exercises 1010

A：Passing ＆Returning Objects 1013

Passing references around 1014

Aliasing 1014

Making local copies 1017

Pass by value 1018

Cloning objects 1018

Adding cloneability to a class 1020

Successful cloning 1022

The effect of Object.clone（） 1025

Cloning a composed object 1027

A deep copy with ArrayList 1030

Deep copy via serialization 1032

Adding cloneabilityfurther down a hierarchy 1034

Why this strange design？ 1035

Controlling cloneability 1036

The copy constructor 1042

Read-only classes 1047

Creating read-only classes 1049

The drawback to immutability 1050

Immutable Strings 1052

The String and StringBuffer classes 1056

Strings are special 1060

Summary 1060

Exercises 1062

B ：The Java Native Interface （JNI） 1065

Calling a native method 1066

The header file generator：javah 1067

Name mangling and function signatures 1068

Implementing your DLL 1068

Accessing JNI functions：the JNIEnv argument 1069

Accessing Java Strings 1071

Passing and using Java objects 1071

JNI and Java exceptions 1074

JNI and threading 1075

Using a preexisting code base 1075

Additional information 1076

C：Java Programming Guidelines 1077

Design 1077

Implementation 1084

D：Resources 1091

Software 1091

Books 1091

Analysis ＆ design 1093

Python 1095

My own list of books 1096

Index 1099