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Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3

1.2 The Concept of a Fluid 4

1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum 6

1.4 Dimensions and Units 7

1.5 Properties of the Velocity Field 14

1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 16

1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 23

1.8 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques 38

1.9 Flow Patterns：Streamlines，Streaklines，and Pathlines 39

1.10 The Engineering Equation Solver 44

1.11 Uncertainty of Experimental Data 45

1.12 The Fundamentals of Engineering （FE） Examination 46

1.13 Problem-Solving Techniques 47

1.14 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 47

Problems 49

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 57

Comprehensive Problems 57

References 59

Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 63

2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 63

2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 65

2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 67

2.4 Application to Manometry 74

2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 78

2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 84

2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 86

2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 89

2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 94

2.10 Pressure Measurement 102

Summary 106

Problems 106

Word Problems 128

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 129

Comprehensive Problems 130

Design Projects 131

References 132

Chapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control Volume 135

3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 135

3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 139

3.3 Conservation of Mass 147

3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 153

3.5 The Angular Momentum Theorem 166

3.6 The Energy Equation 172

3.7 Frictionless Flow：The Bernoulli Equation 182

Summary 191

Problems 192

Word Problems 220

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 221

Comprehensive Problems 222

Design Project 223

References 223

Chapter 4 Differential Relations for Fluid Flow 225

4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 225

4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 227

4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 234

4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 240

4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 242

4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 244

4.7 The Stream Function 249

4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 257

4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 259

4.10 Some Illustrative Plane Potential Flows 264

4.11 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 269

Summary 278

Problems 278

Word Problems 288

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 289

Comprehensive Problems 289

References 290

Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 293

5.1 Introduction 293

5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 296

5.3 The Pi Theorem 302

5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 309

5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 318

Summary 328

Problems 329

Word Problems 337

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 337

Comprehensive Problems 338

Design Projects 339

References 340

Chapter 6 Viscous Flow in Ducts 343

6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes 343

6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows 348

6.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor 351

6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow 353

6.5 Turbulence Modeling 355

6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow 361

6.7 Three Types of Pipe Flow Problems 369

6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 375

6.9 Minor Losses in Pipe Systems 384

6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems 393

6.11 Experimental Duct Flows：Diffuser Performance 399

6.12 Fluid Meters 404

Summary 425

Problems 426

Word Problems 443

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 444

Comprehensive Problems 445

Design Projects 447

References 447

Chapter 7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 451

7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects 451

7.2 Momentum Integral Estimates 455

7.3 The Boundary Layer Equations 458

7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 461

7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 470

7.6 Experimental External Flows 476

Summary 503

Problems 503

Word Problems 516

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 517

Comprehensive Problems 517

Design Project 518

References 519

Chapter 8 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics 523

8.1 Introduction and Review 523

8.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions 526

8.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions 528

8.4 Plane Flow past Closed-Body Shapes 535

8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 544

8.6 Images 549

8.7 Airfoil Theory 551

8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 563

8.9 Numerical Analysis 568

Summary 583

Problems 583

Word Problems 594

Comprehensive Problems 594

Design Projects 596

References 596

Chapter 9 Compressible Flow 599

9.1 Introduction 599

9.2 The Speed of Sound 604

9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 606

9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 612

9.5 The Normal Shock Wave 619

9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 627

9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 632

9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 644

9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 649

9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 659

Summary 671

Problems 672

Word Problems 685

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 685

Comprehensive Problems 686

Design Projects 687

References 688

Chapter 10 Open-Channel Flow 691

10.1 Introduction 691

10.2 Uniform Flow； The Chezy Formula 697

10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 702

10.4 Specific Energy； Critical Depth 704

10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 711

10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 716

10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 724

Summary 731

Problems 731

Word Problems 742

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 743

Comprehensive Problems 743

Design Projects 744

References 745

Chapter 11 Turbomachinery 747

11.1 Introduction and Classification 747

11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 750

11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 756

11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps：The Specific Speed 766

11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 772

11.6 Turbines 779

Summary 792

Problems 793

Word Problems 804

Comprehensive Problems 804

Design Project 806

References 806

Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 808

Appendix B Compressible Flow Tables 813

Appendix C Conversion Factors 830

Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 832

Appendix E Introduction to EES 834

Answers to Selected Problems 846

Index 853