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Chapter 1.Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Logging In 1

1.3 Files and Directories 3

1.4 Input and Output 6

1.5 Programs and Processes 9

1.6 ANSI C Features 12

1.7 Error Handling 14

1.8 User Identification 16

1.9 Signals 17

1.10 Unix Time Values 19

1.11 System Calls and Library Functions 20

1.12 Summary 23

Chapter 2.Unix Standardization and Implementations 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Unix Standardization 25

2.2.1 ANSI C 25

2.2.2 IEEE POSIX 26

2.2.3 X/Open XPG3 28

2.2.4 FIPS 28

2.3 Unix Implementations 28

2.3.1 System V Release 4 29

2.3.2 4.3＋BSD 29

2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 30

2.5 Limits 30

2.5.1 ANSI C Limits 31

2.5.2 POSIX Limits 32

2.5.3 XPG3 Limits 34

2.5.4 sysconf，pathconf，and fpathconf Functions 34

2.5.5 FIPS 151-1 Requirements 39

2.5.6 Summary of Limits 41

2.5.7 Indeterminate Run-Time Limits 41

2.6 Feature Test Macros 44

2.7 Primitive System Data Types 44

2.8 Conflicts Between Standards 45

2.9 Summary 46

Chapter 3.File I/O 47

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 File Descriptors 47

3.3 open Function 48

3.4 creat Function 50

3.5 close Function 51

3.6 lseek Function 51

3.7 read Function 54

3.8 write Function 55

3.9 I/O Efficiency 55

3.10 File Sharing 56

3.11 Atomic Operations 60

3.12 dup and dup2 Functions 61

3.13 fcntl Function 63

3.14 ioctl Function 67

3.15 /dev/fd 69

3.16 Summary 70

Chapter 4.Files and Directories 73

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 stat，fstat，and lstat Functions 73

4.3 File Types 74

4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 77

4.5 File Access Permissions 78

4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 81

4.7 access Function 82

4.8 umask Function 83

4.9 chmod and fchmod Functions 85

4.10 Sticky Bit 88

4.11 chown，fchown，and lchown Functions 89

4.12 File Size 90

4.13 File Truncation 91

4.14 Filesystems 92

4.15 link，unlink，remove，and rename Functions 95

4.16 Symbolic Links 99

4.17 symlink and readlink Functions 102

4.18 File Times 102

4.19 utime Function 103

4.20 mkdir and rmdir Functions 106

4.21 Reading Directories 107

4.22 chdir，fchdir，and getcwd Functions 112

4.23 Special Device Files 114

4.24 sync and fsync Functions 116

4.25 Summary of File Access Permission Bits 117

4.26 Summary 118

Chapter 5.Standard I/O Library 121

5.1 Introduction 121

5.2 Streams and FILE Objects 121

5.3 Standard Input，Standard Output，and Standard Error 122

5.4 Buffering 122

5.5 Opening a Stream 125

5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 127

5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 130

5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 131

5.9 Binary I/O 133

5.10 Positioning a Stream 135

5.11 Formatted I/O 136

5.12 Implementation Details 138

5.13 Temporary Files 140

5.14 Alternatives to Standard I/O 143

5.15 Summary 143

Chapter 6.System Data Files and Information 145

6.1 Introduction 145

6.2 Password File 145

6.3 Shadow Passwords 148

6.4 Group File 149

6.5 Supplementary Group IDs 150

6.6 Other Data Files 152

6.7 Login Accounting 153

6.8 System Identification 154

6.9 Time and Date Routines 155

6.10 Summary 159

Chapter 7.The Environment of a Unix Process 161

7.1 Introduction 161

7.2 main Function 161

7.3 Process Termination 162

7.4 Command-Line Arguments 165

7.5 Environment List 166

7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program 167

7.7 Shared Libraries 169

7.8 Memory Allocation 169

7.9 Environment Variables 172

7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions 174

7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions 180

7.12 Summary 184

Chapter 8.Process Control 187

8.1 Introduction 187

8.2 Process Identifiers 187

8.3 fork Function 188

8.4 vfork Function 193

8.5 exit Functions 195

8.6 wait and waitpid Functions 197

8.7 wait3 and wait4 Functions 202

8.8 Race Conditions 203

8.9 exec Functions 207

8.10 Changing User IDs and Group IDs 213

8.11 Interpreter Files 217

8.12 system Function 221

8.13 Process Accounting 226

8.14 User Identification 231

8.15 Process Times 232

8.16 Summary 235

Chapter 9.Process Relationships 237

9.1 Introduction 237

9.2 Terminal Logins 237

9.3 Network Logins 241

9.4 Process Groups 243

9.5 Sessions 244

9.6 Controlling Terminal 246

9.7 tcgetpgrp and tcsetpgrp Functions 247

9.8 Job Control 248

9.9 Shell Execution of Programs 252

9.10 Orphaned Process Groups 256

9.11 4.3＋BSD Implementation 259

9.12 Summary 261

Chapter 10.Signals 263

10.1 Introduction 263

10.2 Signal Concepts 263

10.3 signal Function 270

10.4 Unreliable Signals 274

10.5 Interrupted System Calls 275

10.6 Reentrant Functions 278

10.7 SIGCLD Semantics 279

10.8 Reliable Signal Terminology and Semantics 282

10.9 kill and raise Functions 283

10.10 alarm and pause Functions 285

10.11 Signal Sets 291

10.12 sigprocmask Function 292

10.13 sigpending Function 293

10.14 sigaction Function 296

10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions 299

10.16 sigsuspend Function 303

10.17 abort Function 309

10.18 system Function 310

10.19 sleep Function 317

10.20 Job-Control Signals 319

10.21 Additional Features 320

10.22 Summary 323

Chapter 11.Terminal I/O 325

11.1 Introduction 325

11.2 Overview 325

11.3 Special Input Characters 331

11.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes 335

11.5 Terminal Option Flags 336

11.6 stty Command 342

11.7 Baud Rate Functions 343

11.8 Line Control Functions 344

11.9 Terminal Identification 345

11.10 Canonical Mode 349

11.11 Noncanonical Mode 352

11.12 Terminal Window Size 358

11.13 termcap，terminfo，and curses 360

11.14 Summary 360

Chapter 12.Advanced I/O 363

12.1 Introduction 363

12.2 Nonblocking I/O 363

12.3 Record Locking 367

12.4 Streams 383

12.5 I/O Multiplexing 394

12.5.1 select Function 396

12.5.2 poll Function 400

12.6 Asynchronous I/O 402

12.6.1 System V Release 4 403

12.6.2 4.3＋BSD 403

12.7 readv and writev Functions 404

12.8 readn and writen Functions 406

12.9 Memory Mapped I/O 407

12.10 Summary 413

Chapter 13.Daemon Processes 415

13.1 Introduction 415

13.2 Daemon Characteristics 415

13.3 Coding Rules 417

13.4 Error Logging 418

13.4.1 SVR4 Streams log Driver 419

13.4.2 4.3＋BSD syslog Facility 421

13.5 Client-Server Model 424

13.6 Summary 424

Chapter 14.Interprocess Communication 427

14.1 Introduction 427

14.2 Pipes 428

14.3 popen and pclose Functions 435

14.4 Coprocesses 441

14.5 FIFOs 445

14.6 System V IPC 449

14.6.1 Identifiers and Keys 449

14.6.2 Permission Structure 450

14.6.3 Configuration Limits 451

14.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 451

14.7 Message Queues 453

14.8 Semaphores 457

14.9 Shared Memory 463

14.10 Client-Server Properties 470

14.11 Summary 472

Chapter 15.Advanced Interprocess Communication 475

15.1 Introduction 475

15.2 Stream Pipes 475

15.3 Passing File Descriptors 479

15.3.1 System V Release 4 481

15.3.2 4.3BSD 484

15.3.3 4.3＋BSD 487

15.4 An Open Server，Version 1 490

15.5 Client-Server Connection Functions 496

15.5.1 System V Release 4 497

15.5.2 4.3＋BSD 501

15.6 An Open Server，Version 2 505

15.7 Summary 514

Chapter 16.A Database Library 515

16.1 Introduction 515

16.2 History 515

16.3 The Library 516

16.4 Implementation Overview 518

16.5 Centralized or Decentralized？ 521

16.6 Concurrency 522

16.7 Source Code 524

16.8 Performance 545

16.9 Summary 550

Chapter 17.Communicating with a PostScript Printer 551

17.1 Introduction 551

17.2 PostScript Communication Dynamics 551

17.3 Printer Spooling 554

17.4 Source Code 556

17.5 Summary 578

Chapter 18.A Modem Dialer 579

18.1 Introduction 579

18.2 History 579

18.3 Program Design 580

18.4 Data Files 582

18.5 Server Design 584

18.6 Server Source Code 586

18.7 Client Design 615

18.8 Client Source Code 617

18.9 Summary 629

Chapter 19.Pseudo Terminals 631

19.1 Introduction 631

19.2 Overview 631

19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices 636

19.3.1 System V Release 4 638

19.3.2 4.3＋BSD 640

19.4 pty_fork Function 641

19.5 pty Program 644

19.6 Using the pty Program 648

19.7 Advanced Features 655

19.8 Summary 656

Appendix A.Function Prototypes 659

Appendix B.Miscellaneous Source Code 679

B.1 Our Header File 679

B.2 Standard Error Routines 681

Appendix C.Solutions to Selected Exercises 687

Bibliography 713

Index 719