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LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICSpdf电子书版本下载
- CHARLES F.SQUIRE 著
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- 文件页数：254页
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图书目录
Chapter Ⅰ Gas Liquefaction and the Equation of State 1
Equation of State for a Gas 1
Entropy and Enthalpy 4
Production of Low Temperatures with Gases 5
Claude Expander 5
Entropy Changes and Temperature Drop 6
Joule-Thomson Cooling—Linde Process 8
Engineering Applications 9
Physical Constants of Various Gases 11
Chapter Ⅱ Experimental Methods of Low-temperature Physics 12
Compressors 12
Gasholders 13
Helium Liquefiers 15
Storage Containers for Liquid Helium 20
Liquid Hydrogen by Condensation 21
Cryostats for Experiments 21
Temperature Measurements 25
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Helium 25
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Hydrogen 27
Equipment for Vapor-pressure Measurements 27
Constant-volume Gas Thermometer 28
Resistance Thermometer 29
Thermocouples 30
Heat Flow into Cryostats 30
Chapter Ⅲ Theoretical Considerations of the Equation of State 32
Classical Quantum Statistics 32
Lennard-Jones Potential 34
Second Virial Coefficient inClassical Statistics 36
Third Virial Coefficient in Classical Statistics 39
De Boer Theory of the Equation of State 41
Calculations of the Molecular Constants σ and e 46
Quantum-mechanical Partition Function 48
Transformation of the Slater Sum 49
Slater Sums in Some Simple Examples 50
Second Virial Coefficient for an Ideal Quantum Gas 53
Kirkwood Expansion of the Slater Sum 55
Second Virial Coefficient at Low Temperatures 56
Equation of State of Compressed Gases and Liquids 58
Chapter Ⅳ Liquid Helium—Thermal Properties 60
Liquid Helium Ⅰ and Liquid Helium Ⅱ 61
Diagram of State p vs.T 61
Specific Heat of Liquid Helium 61
Entropy of Liquid Helium 62
Zero-point Energy 64
Latent Heat of Vaporization 65
Density and Dielectric Constant of Liquid Helium 66
Viscosity of Liquid Helium 68
Thermal Properties of He3 Isotope 70
Chapter Ⅴ Liquid Helium—Dynamic Properties 74
Flow Phenomena in Capillaries 74
Film Flow in Liquid Helium Ⅱ 75
Mechano-caloric Effect 77
Entropy of Helium Ⅱ—Flow Studies by P. Kapitza 78
Hydrodynamic Studies—Fountain Effect 79
Heat Conductivity 82
Velocity and Attenuation of Sound in Liquid Helium 84
Second Sound or Thermal Waves in Liquid Helium Ⅱ 86
Second-sound Velocity at Very Low Temperatures 88
Thermal Rayleigh Disk in Helium Ⅱ 89
Mixtures of He？and He4 in Vapor and Liquid Phase 93
Chapter Ⅵ Theories of Liquid Helium 97
Quantum Theories of F. London 97
Thermodynamics of the Two-fluid Model for Liquid Helium Ⅱ 103
Tisza’s Phenomenological Theory of the Dynamic Properties of He Ⅱ 104
Second-sound-wave Equation 105
Transmission Line Analogy 107
The Theory of L. Landau 108
Chapter Ⅶ Superconductivity 110
Resistance Studies 111
Crystal Structure and Volume 112
Isotope Effect 113
Consequences of Infinite Conductivity 113
Magnetic Critical Field 114
Meissner Effect 115
Thermal Properties of Superconductors 117
Specific Heat and Entropy 117
Magneto-caloric Effect in Superconductors 121
Electrodynamic Studies 121
Gyro-magnetic Effect 121
Torsion Pendulum Studies—Infinite Conductivity and Superconductivity 123
Skin Depth of Penetration of a Magnetic Field 125
Thermal Conductivity of Superconductors 126
Thermoelectric Effect in Superconductors 126
Effect of Strain on a Superconductor 127
High-frequency Measurements on Superconductors 127
The Theories of Superconductivity 131
Theory of H.London and F.London 131
Quantum Theories of Superconductivity 134
Two-electron Fluid Model 136
Chapter Ⅷ Magnetism at Low Temperatures 138
Some Fundamental Concepts of Magnetization 138
Electronic Magnetic Moment—Orbital Motion 139
Larmor Precession 139
Diamagnetism 141
Electron Spin Magnetic Moment 141
Spin-orbit Coupling 142
Statistical Mechanics of Paramagnetism 143
Low Temperatures and High Magnetic Fields—Saturation 144
Brillouin Function 145
Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility and Moments 145
Balance Method 145
Induction Coils for Magnetic Susceptibility at Low Temperatures 147
Demagnetization Factor 148
Some Typical Experimental Results 148
Ideal Salts—Curie Law 148
Antiferromagnetism 150
Magnetic Cooling 151
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of the Method 151
Experimental Methods in Magnetic Cooling 154
Remarks on the Magnetization Process 155
Demagnetization 156
Determination of Temperature 156
Experimental Results 157
Iron Ammonium Alum 157
Chromium Potassium Alum 161
Theoretical Analysis 161
Nuclear Alignment 163
Magnetic Resonance 164
Nuclear Magnetic Induction 167
Theoretical Analysis of Magnetic Induction 167
Particular Solution 170
Some General Remarks about Magnetic Induction and Absorption 172
Experimental Results 173
Solid Hydrogen 173
Studies on Solids at Low Temperature 175
Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption by Electron Systems 176
Diamagnetism of Free Electrons 180
de Haas-van Alphen Effect 180
Theory of Diamagnetism of Free Electrons 181
Chapter Ⅸ Thermal Energy in the Solid State at Low Temperatures 186
Lattice Vibrations 186
The Difference Cp—Cv for Solids 191
Electronic Specific Heat at Low Temperatures in Metals 192
Some Characteristic Experimental Results on Metals 194
Copper 194
Silver and Gold 196
Iron，Cobalt，and Nickel 196
Palladium and Platinum 197
Specific Heat of Superconductors 197
Tin 197
Tantalum 198
Experimental Results on Metals with Anomalous Specific Heats 199
Tungsten 199
Lithium 200
Beryllium 201
Rare-earth Elements：Lanthanum，Cerium，Neodymium，and Praseodymium 201
Chromium and Manganese 202
Germanium and Hafnium 202
Specific Heat of Solids with Several Types of Atoms 202
Rotation of Atoms and Molecules in the Solid State 205
Theory of Cooperative Phenomena 207
Specific Heats Showing λ Transitions 210
Experimental Methods 211
Heat Conductivity in Solids 214
Chapter Ⅹ Dielectric Properties at Low Temperatures 220
Some Fundamental Concepts 220
Barium Titanate 222
Strontium Titanate 225
Ferro-electric Tartrates 226
Solid Hydrogen Bromide 227
Theory of Barium Titanate 228
Appendix 229
Agreed Vapor Pressure of Liquid Helium 229
Deviations with Kistemaker’s Temperature Scale 234
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Hydrogen 234
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Oxygen 235
Vapor Pressure of Mixture of He3 and He4 236
Physical Constants 238
Index 239
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