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PART 1 1

CHAPTER 1Measurement 1

1-1 Measuring Things 2

1-2 The International System of Units 2

1-3 Changing Units 3

1-4 Length 4

1-5 Time 6

1-6 Mass 7

Review ＆ Summary 8

Exercises ＆ Problems 8

CHAPTER 2Motion Along a Straight Line 11

2-1 Motion 12

2-2 Position and Displacement 12

2-3 Average Velocity and Average Speed 13

2-4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 15

2-5 Acceleration 17

2-6 Constant Acceleration：A Special Case 19

2-7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration 22

2-8 Free-Fall Acceleration 23

Review ＆ Summary 25

Questions 26

Exercises ＆ Problems 27

CHAPTER 3Vectors 31

3-1 Vectors and Scalars 32

3-2 Adding Vectors Geometrically 32

3-3 Components of Vectors 34

3-4 Unit Vectors 37

3-5 Adding Vectors by Components 38

3-6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics 40

3-7 Multiplying Vectors 40

Review ＆ Summary 44

Questions 45

Exercises ＆ Problems 45

CHAPTER 4Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 48

4-1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions 49

4-2 Position and Displacement 49

4-3 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 51

4-4 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 53

4-5 Projectile Motion 54

4-6 Projectile Motion Analyzed 56

4-7 Uniform Circular Motion 60

4-8 Relative Motion in One Dimension 62

4-9 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 63

Review ＆ Summary 65

Questions 66

Exercises ＆ Problems 67

CHAPTER 5Force and Motion—Ⅰ 72

5-1 What Causes an Acceleration？ 73

5-2 Newton’s First Law 73

5-3 Force 74

5-4 Mass 75

5-5 Newton’s Second Law 76

5-6 Some Particular Forces 80

5-7 Newton’s Third Law 84

5-8 Applying Newton’s Laws 85

Review ＆ Summary 90

Questions 91

Exercises ＆ Problems 93

CHAPTER 6Force and Motion—Ⅱ 98

6-1 Friction 99

6-2 Properties of Friction 100

6-3 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 104

6-4 Uniform Circular Motion 106

Review ＆ Summary 110

Questions 111

Exercises ＆ Problems 112

CHAPTER 7Kinetic Energy and Work 116

7-1 Energy 117

7-2 Work 118

7-3 Work and Kinetic Energy 119

7-4 Work Done by a Gravitational Force 122

7-5 Work Done by a Spring Force 126

7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force 129

7-7 Power 131

Review ＆ Summary 133

Questions 134

Exercises ＆ Problems 136

CHAPTER 8Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 139

8-1 Potential Energy 140

8-2 Path Independence of Conservative Forces 141

8-3 Determining Potential Energy Values 143

8-4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 146

8-5 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 149

8-6 Work Done on a System by an External Force 152

8-7 Conservation of Energy 155

Review ＆ Summary 158

Questions 159

Exercises ＆ Problems 160

CHAPTER 9Systems of Particles 168

9-1 A Special Point 169

9-2 The Center of Mass 169

9-3 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 173

9-4 Linear Momentum 176

9-5 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 177

9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 178

9-7 Systems with Varying Mass：A Rocket 181

9-8 External Forces and Internal Energy Changes 184

Review ＆ Summary 186

Questions 187

Exercises ＆ Problems 188

CHAPTER 10Collisions 193

10-1 What is a Collision？ 194

10-2 impulse and Linear Momentum 195

10-3 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 198

10-4 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 199

10-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 202

10-6 Collisions in Two Dimensions 205

Review ＆ Summary 207

Questions 208

Exercises ＆ Problems 209

CHAPTER 11Rotation 215

11-1 Translation and Rotation 216

11-2 The Rotational Variables 216

11-3 Are Angular Quantities Vectors？ 220

11-4 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 221

11-5 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 223

11-6 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 225

11-7 Calculating the Rotational Inertia 226

11-8 Torque 229

11-9 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 230

11-10 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 233

Review ＆ Summary 236

Questions 238

Exercises ＆ Problems 239

CHAPTER 12Rolling，Torque，and Angular Momentum 245

12-1 Rolling 246

12-2 The Kinetic Energy of Rolling 247

12-3 The Forces of Rolling 248

12-4 The Yo-Yo 250

12-5 Torque Revisited 251

12-6 Angular Momentum 253

12-7 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 255

12-8 The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 257

12-9 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 258

12-10 Conservation of Angular Momentum 260

Review ＆ Summary 265

Questions 266

Exercises ＆ Problems 268

PART 2 273

CHAPTER 13Equilibrium and Elasticity 273

13-1 Equilibrium 274

13-2 The Requirements of Equilibrium 275

13-3 The Center of Gravity 276

13-4 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 278

13-5 Indeterminate Structures 282

13-6 Elasticity 283

Review ＆ Summary 287

Questions 288

Exercises ＆ Problems 289

CHAPTER 14Gravitation 294

14-1 The World and the Gravitational Force 295

14-2 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 295

14-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposi？on 296

14-4 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 299

14-5 Gravitation Inside Earth 301

14-6 Gravitational Potential Energy 302

14-7 Planets and Satellites：Kepler’s Laws 306

14-8 Satellites：Orbits and Energy 310

14-9 Einstein and Gravitation 312

Review ＆ Summary 314

Questions 315

Exercises ＆ Problems 316

CHAPTER 15Fluids 321

15-1 Fluids and the World Around Us 322

15-2 What is a Fiuid？ 322

15-3 Density and Pressure 322

15-4 Fluids at Rest 324

15-5 Measuring Pressure 327

15-6 Pascal’s Principle 328

15-7 Archimedes’ Principle 329

15-8 Ideal Fluids in Motion 332

15-9 The Equation of Continuity 333

15-10 Bernoulli’s Equation 336

Review ＆ Summary 339

Questions 339

Exercises ＆ Problems 340

CHAPTER 16Oscillations 346

16-1 Oscillations 347

16-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 347

16-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 350

16-4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 352

16-5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 354

16-6 Pendulums 355

16-7 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 358

16-8 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 360

16-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 362

Review ＆ Summary 363

Questions 364

Exercises ＆ Problems 365

CHAPTER 17Waves—Ⅰ 370

17-1 Waves and Particles 371

17-2 Types of Waves 371

17-3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 372

17-4 Wavelength and Frequency 373

17-5 The Speed of a Traveling Wave 375

17-6 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 378

17-7 Energy and Power of a Traveling String Wave 380

17-8 The Principle of Superposition for Waves 382

17-9 Interference of Waves 383

17-10 Phasors 386

17-11 Standing Waves 387

17-12 Standing Waves and Resonance 389

Review ＆ Summary 392

Questions 392

Exercises ＆ Problems 394

CHAPTER 18Waves—Ⅱ 398

18-1 Sound Waves 399

18-2 The Speed of Sound 399

18-3 Traveling Sound Waves 402

18-4 interference 404

18-5 Intensity and Sound Level 406

18-6 Sources of Musical Sound 410

18-7 Beats 412

18-8 The Doppler Effect 414

18-9 Supersonic Speeds：Shock Waves 418

Review ＆ Summary 419

Questions 420

Exercises ＆ Problems 421

CHAPTER 19Temperature，Heat，and the First Law of Thermodynamics 425

19-1 Thermodynamics 426

19-2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 426

19-3 Measuring Temperature 427

19-4 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 429

19-5 Thermal Expansion 431

19-6 Temperature and Heat 433

19-7 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 434

19-8 A Closer Look at Heat and Work 438

19-9 The First Law of Thermodynamics 440

19-10 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 441

19-11 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 443

Review ＆ Summary 447

Questions 448

Exercises ＆ Problems 449

CHAPTER 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 454

20-1 A New Way to Look at Gases 455

20-2 Avogadro’s Number 455

20-3 Ideal Gases 456

20-4 Pressure，Temperature，and RMS Speed 459

20-5 Translational Kinetic Energy 461

20-6 Mean Free Path 462

20-7 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 464

20-8 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 467

20-9 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 471

20-10 A Hint of Quantum Theory 472

20-11 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 473

Review ＆ Summary 476

Questions 477

Exercises ＆ Problems 478

CHAPTER 21Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 482

21-1 Some One-Way Processes 483

21-2 Change in Entropy 483

21-3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 488

21-4 Entropy in the Real World：Engines 489

21-5 Entropy in the Real World：Refrigerators 494

21-6 The Efficiencies of Real Engines 495

21-7 A Statistical View of Entropy 496

Review ＆ Summary 500

Questions 501

Exercises ＆ Problems 501

PART3 505

CHAPTER 22Electric Charge 505

22-1 Electromagnetism 506

22-2 Electric Charge 506

22-3 Conductors and Insulators 507

22-4 Coulomb’s Law 509

22-5 Charge Is Quantized 514

22-6 Charge Is Conserved 515

Review ＆ Summary 516

Questions 517

Exercises ＆ Problems 518

CHAPTER 23 Electric Fields 520

23-1 Charges and Forces：A Closer Look 521

23-2 The Electric Field 521

23-3 Electric Field Lines 522

23-4 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 524

23-5 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 526

23-6 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge 527

23-7 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 531

23-8 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 532

23-9 A Dipole in an Electric Field 535

Review ＆ Summary 537

Questions 538

Exercises ＆ Problems 539

CHAPTER 24 Gauss’ Law 543

24-1 A New Look at Coulomb’s Law 544

24-2 Flux 544

24-3 Flux of an Electric Field 545

24-4 Gauss’ Law 547

24-5 Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 549

24-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor 550

24-7 Applying Gauss’ Law：Cyunndrical Symmetry 553

24-8 Applying Gauss’ Law：Planar Symmetry 554

24-9 Applying Gauss’ Law：Spherical Symmetry 557

Review ＆ Summary 558

Questions 559

Exercises ＆ Problems 559

CHAPTER 25 Electric Potential 564

25-1 Electric Potential Energy 565

25-2 Electric Potential 566

25-3 Equipotential Surfaces 568

25-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field 569

25-5 Potential Due to a Point Charge 571

25-6 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges 573

25-7 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 574

25-8 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 575

25-9 Calculating the Field from the Potential 577

25-10 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges 579

25-11 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 580

Review ＆ Summary 582

Questions 583

Exercises ＆ Problems 584

CHAPTER 26 Capacitance 588

26-1 The Uses of Capacitors 589

26-2 Capacitance 589

26-3 Calculating the Capacitance 591

26-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 594

26-5 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 598

26-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric 600

26-7 Dielectrics：An Atomic View 603

26-8 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 604

Review ＆ Summary 606

Questions 607

Exercises ＆ Problems 608

CHAPTER 27 Current and Resistance 611

27-1 Moving Charges and Electric Currents 612

27-2 Electric Current 612

27-3 Current Density 614

27-4 Resistance and Resistivity 617

27-5 Ohm’s Law 621

27-6 A Microscopic view of Ohm’s Law 622

27-7 Power in Electric Circuits 624

27-8 Semiconductors 626

27-9 Superconductors 627

Review ＆ Summary 628

Questions 629

Exercises ＆ Problems 630

CHAPTER 28 Circuits 633

28-1 “Pumping” Charges 634

28-2 Work，Energy，and Emf 634

28-3 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 636

28-4 Other Single-Loop Circuits 638

28-5 Potential Differences 639

28-6 Multiloop Circuits 642

28-7 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 647

28-8 RC Circuits 648

Review ＆ Summary 651

Questions 652

Exercises ＆ Problems 653

CHAPTER 29 Magnetic Fields 658

29-1 The Magnetic Field 659

29-2 The Definition of B 659

29-3 Crossed Fields：Discovery of the Electron 663

29-4 Crossed Fields：The Hall Effect 665

29-5 A Circulating Charged Particle 667

29-6 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 671

29-7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 673

29-8 Torque on a Current Loop 676

29-9 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 678

Review ＆ Summary 679

Questions 680

Exercises ＆ Problems 682

CHAPTER30 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 686

30-1 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current 687

30-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 693

30-3 Ampere’s Law 694

30-4 Solenoids and Toroids 698

30-5 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 700

Review ＆ Summary 703

Questions 703

Exercises ＆ Problems 705

CHAPTER 31 Induction and Inductance 710

31-1 Two Symmetric Situations 711

31-2 Two Experiments 711

31-3 Faraday’s Law of Induction 712

31-4 Lenz’s Law 714

31-5 Induction and Energy Transfers 718

31-6 Induced Electric Fields 720

31-7 Inductors and Inductance 724

31-8 Self-Induction 725

31-9 RL Circuits 727

31-10 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 730

31-11 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field 731

31-12 Mutual Induction 733

Review ＆ Summary 736

Questions 737

Exercises ＆ Problems 738

CHAPTER 32 Magnetism of Matter； Maxwell’s Equations 744

32-1 Magnets 745

32-2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 745

32-3 The Magnetism of Earth 746

32-4 Magnetism and Electrons 747

32-5 Magnetic Materials 751

32-6 Diamagnetism 752

32-7 Paramagnetism 753

32-8 Ferromagnetism 755

32-9 Induced Magnetic Fields 758

32-10 Displacement Current 760

32-11 Maxwell’s Equations 762

Review ＆ Summary 763

Questions 764

Exercises ＆ Problems 765

CHAPTER 33Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 768

33-1 New Physics—Old Mathematics 769

33-2 LC Oscillations，Qualitatively 769

33-3 The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy 772

33-4 LC Oscillations，Quantitatively 773

33-5 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit 776

33-6 Alternating Current 778

33-7 Forced oscillations 779

33-8 Three Simple Circuits 779

33-9 The Series RLC Circuit 785

33-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 789

33-11 Transformers 791

Review ＆ Summary 795

Questions 796

Exercises ＆ Problems 797

PART 4 801

CHAPTER 34 Electromagnetic Waves 801

34-1 Maxwell’s Rainbow 802

34-2 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave，Qualitatively 803

34-3 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave，Quantitatively 806

34-4 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 809

34-5 Radiation Pressure 812

34-6 Polarization 814

34-7 Reflection and Refraction 818

34-8 Total Internal Reflection 823

34-9 Polarization by Reflection 824

Review ＆ Summary 825

Questions 826

Exercises ＆ Problems 827

CHAPTER 35 Images 833

35-1 Two Types of Images 834

35-2 Plane Mirrors 835

35-3 Spherical Mirrors 837

35-4 Images from Spherical Mirrors 838

35-5 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 841

35-6 Thin Lenses 843

35-7 Optical Instruments 849

35-8 Three Proofs 852

Review ＆ Summary 855

Questions 856

Exercises ＆ Problems 857

CHAPTER 36 Interference 861

36-1 Interference 862

36-2 Light as a Wave 862

36-3 Diffraction 866

36-4 Young’s Interference Experiment 866

36-5 Coherence 870

36-6 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 871

36-7 interference from Thin Films 874

36-8 Michelson’s Interferometer 880

Review ＆ Summary 882

Questions 882

Exercises ＆ Problems 884

CHAPTER 37 Diffraction 890

37-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 891

37-2 Diffraction by a Single Slit：Locating the Minima 892

37-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction，Qualitatively 894

37-4 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction，Quantitatively 896

37-5 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 898

37-6 Diffraction by a Double Slit 901

37-7 Diffraction Gratings 903

37-8 Gratings：Dispersion and Resolving Power 907

37-9 X-ray Diffraction 909

Review ＆ Summary 912

Questions 912

Exercises ＆ Problems 913

CHAPTER 38 Relativity 919

38-1 What is Relativity All About？ 920

38-2 The Postulates 921

38-3 Measuring an Event 922

38-4 The Relativity of Simultaneity 923

38-5 The Relativity of Time 925

38-6 The Relativity of Length 929

38-7 The Lorentz Transformation 932

38-8 Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations 934

38-9 The Relativity of velocities 936

38-10 The Doppler Effect for Light 936

38-11 A New Look at Momentum 940

38-12 A New Look at Energy 941

Review ＆ Summary 946

Questions 947

Exercises ＆ Problems 948

PART5 953

CHAPTER 39 Photons and Matter Waves 953

39-1 A New Direction 954

39-2 The Photon，the Quantum of Light 954

39-3 The Photoelectric Effect 956

39-4 Photons Have Momentum 959

39-5 Light as a Probability Wave 962

39-6 Electrons and Matter Waves 964

39-7 Schrodinger’s Equation 967

39-8 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 970

39-9 Barrier Tunneling 971

Review ＆ Summary 973

Questions 974

Exercises ＆ Problems 975

CHAPTER 40 More About Matter Waves 979

40-1 Atom Building 980

40-2 Waves on Strings and Matter Waves 980

40-3 Energies of a Trapped Electron 981

40-4 Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 985

40-5 An Electron in a Finite Well 988

40-6 More Electron Traps 990

40-7 Two-and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 991

40-8 The Hydrogen Atom 993

Review ＆ Summary 1001

Questions 1002

Exercises ＆ Problems 1003

CHAPTER 41 All About Atoms 1006

41-1 Atoms and the World Around Us 1007

41-2 Some Properties of Atoms 1007

41-3 Electron Spin 1009

41-4 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole Moments 1010

41-5 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1013

41-6 Magnetic Resonance 1015

41-7 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1017

41-8 Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps 1017

41-9 Building the Periodic Table 1020

41-10 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 1022

41-11 Lasers and Laser Light 1026

41-12 How Lasers Work 1027

Review ＆ Summary 1030

Questions 1031

Exercises ＆ Problems 1032

CHAPTER 42 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1037

42-1 Solids 1038

42-2 The Electrical Properties of Solids 1038

42-3 Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid 1039

42-4 Insulators 1040

42-5 Metals 1040

42-6 Semiconductors 1046

42-7 Doped Semiconductors 1047

42-8 The p-n Junction 1050

42-9 The Junction Rectifier 1052

42-10 The Light-Emitting Diode（LED） 1053

42-11 The Transistor 1055

Review ＆ Summary 1056

Questions 1057

Exercises ＆ Problems 1058

CHAPTER 43 Nuclear Physics 1062

43-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1063

43-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1065

43-3 Radioactive Decay 1070

43-4 Alpha Decay 1074

43-5 Beta Decay 1076

43-6 Radioactive Dating 1079

43-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1080

43-8 Nuclear Models 1081

Review ＆ Summary 1083

Questions 1084

Exercises ＆ Problems 1085

CHAPTER 44 Energy from the Nucleus 1092

44-1 The Atom and Its Nucleus 1093

44-2 Nuclear Fission：The Basic Process 1093

44-3 A Model for Nuclear Fission 1096

44-4 The Nuclear Reactor 1098

44-5 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1102

44-6 Thermonuclear Fusion：The Basic Process 1104

44-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars 1106

44-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1108

Review ＆ Summary 1111

Questions 1111

Exercises ＆ Problems 1112

CHAPTER 45 Quarks，Leptons，and the Big Bang 1116

45-1 Life at the Cutting Edge 1117

45-2 Particles，Particles，Particles 1117

45-3 An Interlude 1120

45-4 The Leptons 1123

45-5 The Hadrons 1125

45-6 Still Another Conservation Law 1127

45-7 The Eightfold Way 1128

45-8 The Quark Model 1129

45-9 The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles 1132

45-10 A Pause for Reflection 1134

45-11 The Universe Is Expanding 1134

45-12 The Cosmic Background Radiation 1135

45-13 Dark Matter 1136

45-14 The Big Bang 1137

45-15 A Summing Up 1138

Review ＆ Summary 1138

Questions 1139

Exercises ＆ Problems 1139

APPENDICES 1145

A.The International System of Units（SI） 1145

B.Some Fundamental Constants of Physics 1147

C.Some Astronomical Data 1148

D.Conversion Factors 1149

E.Mathematical Formulas 1153

F.Properties of the Elements 1156

G.Periodic Table of the Elements 1159

ANSWERS TO CHECKPOINTS AND ODD-NUMBERED QUESTIONS，EXERCISES，AND PROBLEMS 1161

INDEX 1175