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CHAPTER 1THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 3

1.1 Composition of Concrete 3

1.2 Functions of the Paste and Aggregate 4

1.3 General Pportions of Ordinary Concretes 5

1.4 Inuence of Quality of Paste upon Properties of Concrete 7

1.5 Concrete Making 7

CHAPTER2 CONCRETE-MAKING MATERIALS—PORTLAND CEMENT 10

2.1 Cementing Materials 10

2.2 Portland Cement 10

2.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement 11

2.4 Elementa Composition of Cement 13

2.5 Compound Composition of Cement 14

2.6 Inuence of Composition upon Characteristics of Portland Cement 16

2.7 Inuence of Cement on Durability of Concrete 17

2.8 High-early-strength Cement 18

2.9 Fineness of Cement 19

2.10 Setting and Hardening 22

2.11 Soundness 24

2.12 Strength 25

2.13 Heat of Hydration 26

2.14 Current Types of Portland Cement 30

2.15 Acceptance Tests and Specification Requirements 30

2.16 Slag Cements 30

2.17 Poland Blast-furnace-slag Cement 30

2.18 Mason Cements 31

CHAPTER 3 AGGBEoATEs 33

3.1 Preliminary Remarks 33

3.2 General Characteristics 34

8.3 Data Needed for Proportioning Mixtures 35

3.4 Specic Gravity 37

3.5 Unit Weight and Voids 39

3.6 Moisture and Absorption 45

3.7 Gradation 47

3.8 Sieve Analyses 48

3.9 Grading Charts 53

8.10 Maximum Size of Aggregate 54

3.11 Grading Requirements 56

3.12 Quality Requirements 58

3.13 Deleterious Substances 58

3.14 Reactive Aggregates 60

3.15 Handling and Storing Aggregates 63

CHAPTER 4 WATER， ADMIXTURES， AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 65

4.1 Mixing Water 65

4.2 Water for Washing Aggregates 66

4.3 Water for Curing Concrete 66

4.4 Types of Admixtures 66

4.5 Workability Admixtures 67

4.6 Air-entraining Agents 68

4.7 Gas-forming Agents 70

4.8 Accelerators and Antifreeze Agents 70

4.9 Retarders 72

4.10 Pozzolanic Materials 72

4.11 Curing Aids 73

4.12 Miscellaneous Materials 74

4.13 Steel Reinforcement 74

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE 76

5.1 Workability and Consistency 76

5.2 Measures of Consistency: The Slump， Flow， and Ball Tests 77

5.3 Measure of Workability: The Remolding Test 81

5.4 Bleeding， or Water Gain 83

5.5 Preset Subsidence， or Setting Shrinkage 83

5.6 Eect of Entrained Air on Properties of Fresh Concrete 84

5.7 Measurement of Entrained Air in Fresh Concrete 84

5.8 Unit Weight， Cement Content， and Yield of Fresh Concrete 86

5.9 Determination of Composition of Fresh Concrete 87

5.10 Temperature of Fresh Concrete 88

5.11 Stiening and Set of Fresh Concrete 88

5.12 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete on Forma 89

CHAPTER 6 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE M1XES 91

6.1 General 91

6.2 Methods of Expressing Proportions 92

6.3 Review of Aggregate-Paste Relationships 94

6.4 Variables in Proportioning 96

6.5 Trial Method of Proportioning 97

6.6 Mix Adjustments 101

6.7 ACI Method of Proportioning 102

6.8 ACI Method for Small Jobs 109

6.9 Arbitrary Proportions 110

6.10 Proportioning by Maximum Density of Aggregate 111

6.11 Proportioning by Surface Area of Aggregate 112

6.12 Proportioning by Fineness Modulus of Aggregat 112

6.13 Proportioning by Voids-Cement Ratio and Mortar Voids 114

CHAPTER 7 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETEBatching 118

7.1 Batching 118

7.2 Weight-batching Equipment 118

7.3 Checking Weighing Equipment 121

7.4 Volumetric Batching Equipment 122

7.5 Batching Cement 122

7.6 Irregularities in Batching 122

7.7 Water-measuring Equipment 123

7.8 Mixing 124

7.9 Types of Mixers 124

7.10 Time of Mixing 125

7.11 Mixer Efficiency 126

7.12 Hand Mixing; Retempering 127

7.13 Ready-mixed Concrete 128

7.14 Conveying 129

7.15 Batch Containers 132

7.16 Pump and Pipeline 132

7.17 Pump Sizes 135

7.18 Cleaning the Concrete Pump 136

7.19 Pneumatic Method 136

7.20 Chutes and Belts 137

CHAPTER8 PLACING AND CURING CONCRETE 139

8.1 Preparations for Placing 139

8.2 Placing 141

8.3 Compaction 144

8.4 Hand Tamping 144

8.5 Vibrators 145

8.6 Vibrator Efficiency 145

8.7 Concrete Mix for Vibratory Compaction 146

8.8 Proper Use of Vibration 147

8.9 The Curing Period 148

8.10 Curing Methods 148

8.11 Curing of Pavements and Other Structures 149

8.12 Curing Temperatures 151

8.13 Steam Curing 152

8.14 Concrete Work during Cold Weather 153

8.15 Calcium Chloride in Concrete during Cold Weather 156

8.16 Concrete Work during Hot Weather 157

8.17 Curing in the Laboratory 159

8.18 Removal of Forms 160

8.19 Patching 162

8.20 Prevention of Damage 163

CHAPTER 9 FORMS FOR CONCRETE 165

9.1 Requirements of Forms 165

9.2 Form Pressures 165

9.3 Form Ties 167

9.4 Construction of Forms 169

9.5 Metal Forms 169

9.6 Oiling of Forms 169

9.7 Absorptive Form Linings 170

9.8 Precast Concrete Forms 170

9.9 Plaster Waste Molds 171

CHAPTER 10 STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 172

10.1 Properties of Hardened Concrete 172

10.2 Resistance to Applied Forces 172

10.3 Strength as a Measure of General Quality 173

10.4 Nature of Strength 173

10.5 Compressive Strength 176

10.6 Tensile Strength 177

10.7 Flexural Strength 178

10.8 Shear Strength 178

10.9 Bond with Reinforcement 179

10.10 Eect of Component Materials 180

10.11 Eect of Proportions 182

10.12 Eect of Curing Conditions 182

10.13 Eect of Loading Conditions 186

10.14 Specimens vs Structures 187

10.15 Eect of Size and Shape of Specimen 189

10.16 Eect of Conditions of Casting 191

10.17 Eect of Moisture Content of Specimen 191

10.18 Eect of Temperature of Specimen 191

10.19 Eect of Bearing Conditions 192

10.20 Eect of Rate of Loading 193

CHAPTER 11 PERMEABILITY AND DURABILITY 197

11.1 Pore Structure of Concrete 197

11.2 Signicance of Permeability 197

11.3 Permeability Tests 198

11.4 Factors Aecting Watertightness 199

11.5 Eect of Water and Cement 199

11.6 Eect of Aggregates M 199

11.7 Eect of Curing 199

11.8 Eect of Admixtures and Coatings 201

11.9 Uniformity of Concrete 202

11.10 Absorption 203

11.11 Deterioration of Concrete 203

11.12 Weathering 203

11.13 Weathering Resistance as Aected by Aggregate， Cement， and Water 204

11.14 Air-entrained Concrete 207

11.15 Freeze-thaw Tests 208

11.16 Reactive Aggregates 210

11.17 Sulfate Waters 212

11.18 Leaching 213

11.19 Chemical Attack 215

11.20 Wear 222

11.21 Restoration of Disintegrated Concrete 224

CHAPTER 12 VOLUME CHANGES AND CREEP 228

12.1 Types of Volume Change in Concrete 228

12.2 Signicance of Volume Changes and Creep 229

12.3 The Gel Structure as Related to Volume Changes 229

12.4 Shrinkage of Fresh Concrete 230

12.5 Autogenous Volume Changes 230

12.6 Factors Aecting Shrinkage and Expansion 232

12.7 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement 232

12.8 Eect of pe and Gradation of Aggregate 235

12.9 Eect of Cement and Water Contents 236

12.10 Eect of Admixtures 238

12.11 Eect of Age at First Observation 239

12.12 Eect of Moisture and Temperature Conditions 239

12.13 Enoct of Duration of Tests 240

12.14 Efflt of Size and Shape of Specimen 241

12.15 Feffct of Absorptiveness of Forms 242

12.16 Eect of Reinforcement 243

12.17 Prepakt Concrete 243

12.18 Thermal Volume Changes 244

12.19 Factors Aecting Creep 245

12.20 Eect of Stress and Age When First Loaded 245

12.21 Eect of Water-Cement Ratio and Mix 247

12.22 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement 248

12.23 Eect of Character and Grading of Aggregate 248

12.24 Eect of Moisture Conditions of Storage 249

12.25 Eect of Size of Mass 250

12.26 Creep in Axial Tension and Compression 250

12.27 Creep Recovery 251

12.28 Reinforced-concrete Columns under Sustained Loads 251

CHAPTER 13 OTHER PROPERTIES 254

13.1 Modulus of Elasticity 254

13.2 Methods for Determining Moduli of Elasticity 254

18.3 Eect of Method of Test on Modulus of Elasticity 257

13.4 Eect of Characteristics of Concrete on Modulus of Elasticity 259

13.5 Relationship of Modulus of Elasticity to Strength 261

13.6 Eect of Type of Loading on the Modulus of Elasticity 261

13.7 Sustained Modulus of Elasticity 262

13.8 Signicance of Poisson，s Ratio 262

13.9 Factors Aecting Poisson，s Ratio 262

13.10 Thermal Conductivity 263

13.11 Condensation as Related to Thermal Conductivity 264

13.12 Thermal Properties and Their Relationships 265

13.13 Temperature Rise in Mass Concrete 67

13.14 Cracking of Concrete 271

13.15 Extensibility and Cracking 271

13.16 Thermal Stress and Cracking 274

13.17 Fire Resistance 276

13.18 Unit Weight 278

CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL TYPES OF CONCRETE 280

14.1 Architectural Concrete 280

14.2 Types and Requirements 281

14.3 Preparation of Base 281

14.4 Concrete Mix 282

14.5 Placing and Finishing 282

14.6 Curing and Protection 283

14.7 Surface Hardeners 283

14.8 Use and Limitations 284

14.9 Equipment 285

14.10 Preparation of Base 285

14.11 Sand 286

14.12 Rebound 286

14.13 Mortar Mix 286

14.14 Mixing and Placing 287

14.15 Curing 288

14.16 Characteristics of Mass Concrete 288

14.17 Special Treatment of Mass Concrete 288

14.18 Eect of Temperature and Other Variables on Properties of MassConcrete 289

14.19 Concrete Placed under Water 290

14.20 Vacuum Concrete 292

14.21 Heavyweight Concrete 292

14.22 Lightweight Concrete 293

14.23 Grouting without Pressure 295

14.24 Pressure Grouting 296

14.25 Grouted Concrete 297

CHAPTER 15 INSPECTION 299

15.1 Need for and Scope of Inspection 299

15.2 Inspection Organization 300

15.3 Qualications of the Inspector 301

15.4 Responsibility 302

15.5 Inspector Training 302

15.6 Relations with Superior Oicers 303

15.7 Relations with the Contractor 303

15.8 Authority of the Inspector 305

15.9 Specication Is Inspector，s Guide 306

15.10 Inspection before Concreting 306

15.11 Inspection of Concreting 307

15.12 Inspection after Concreting 307

15.13 Concrete Samples for Tests 307

15.14 Molding Specimens 308

15.15 Storing and Shipping Specimens 308

15.16 The Field Laboratory 309

CHAPTER 16 INSPECTION RECORDS AND REPORTS 312

16.1 General Comments 312

16.2 Batching and Mixing Record 313

16.3 Record of Materials 313

16.4 Record of Placing and Curing 314

16.5 Daily Reports 314

16.6 Diary 315

16.7 Photographs 315

16.8 Summary Report 316

CHAPTER 17 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA 318

17.1 The Problem of Transmission of Information 318

17.2 Variations in Data 319

17.3 Grouping of Data 319

17.4 Central Tendency 321

17.5 Dispersion 321

17.6 Probable Error 323

17.7 Limits of Uncertainty of an Observed Average 325

17.8 Number of Tests to Obtain a Desired Accuracy 327

17.9 Signicant Figures to Retain in Presenting Test Results 327

17.10 Statistical Summaries 328

17.11 Tables 328

17.12 Figures 329

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 335

Test 1 Normal Consistency and Time of Set of Portland Cement 338

2.Strength of Type I Portland Cement and Type III High-early-strengthCement Mortars at Various Ages 341

3.Effect of Curing Conditions upon Compressive Strength of Portland-cement Mortars 345

4.Sieve Analysis of Concrete Aggregates 347

5.Specic Gravity， Unit Weight， Moisture Content and Absorption ofConcrete Aggregates 350

6.Characteristics of Fresh Concrete 356

7.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength and Con-sistency of Concrete of Uniform Mix 359

8.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength CementFactor， and Cost of Concrete of Uniform Consistency 363

9.Trial-mix Proportioning of Concrete 366

10 Concrete-mix Proportioning by ACI Calculation Method 368

11 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Give Desired Cement Factor or Water-Cement Ratio at Constant Consistency 369

12 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Produce a Given Change in Con-sistency 371

13 Effect of Capping Materials and End Conditions before Capping uponCompressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders 373

14 Eect of Shape of Test Specimen upon Indicated Compressive Strengthof Concrete 375

15 Demonstration of Entrained Air in Concrete 377

APPENDIXES 379

A Summary of Useful Values 379

B Instructions on Operation of Testing Machines 380

C Procedure for Making the Slump Test 382

D Procedure for Making the Flow Test 383

E Procedure for Making the Remolding Test 384

F Procedure for Batching and Mixing Concrete and Molding Compression-test Cylinders 386

G Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Gypsum Compounds 388

H Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Sulfur Compound 389

1 Selected References and Specications Pertaining to Plain Concrete 391

INDEX 425