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Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1

1.1 The Definition of a Word 1

1.2 Vocabulary 3

1.3 Sound and Meaning 3

1.4 Sound and Form 4

1.5 Classification of Words 7

1.Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary 7

2.Content Words and Functional Words 13

3.Native Words and Borrowed Words 14

Questions and Tasks 18

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 20

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family 20

2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development 22

1.Old English 23

2.Middle English 25

3.Modern English 28

1.Receptivity,Adaptability and Heterogenity 30

2.3 General Characteristics 30

2.Simplicity of Inflection 31

3.Relatively Fixed Word-order 31

2.4 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 32

1.Latin 32

2.Greek 35

3.French 37

4.Scandinavian 41

5.Other Foreign Elements 43

Questions and Tasks 48

Chapter 3 Word Structure and Word Formation 52

3.1 Morphological Structure of Words 52

1.Morphemes 52

2.Allomorphs 53

3.Types of Morphemes 54

4.Root,Stem,Base 58

3.2 Word Formation 60

1.Affixation 62

2.Compounding 78

3.Conversion 86

4.Blending 96

5.Clipping 98

6.Acronymy 100

7.Back-formation 102

8.Sound Reduplication 104

9.Commonization of Proper Names 105

Questions and Tasks 111

Chapter 4 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis 119

4.1 Word Meaning 119

1.Reference 119

2.Concept 120

3.Sense 121

1.Onomatopoeic Motivation 122

4.2 Motivation 122

2.Morphological Motivation 123

3.Semantic Motivation 123

4.Etymological Motivation 124

4.3 Types of Meaning 124

1.Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning 125

2.Conceptual Meaning and Associative Meaning 126

4.4 Componential Analysis 132

Questions and Tasks 137

Chapter 5 Sense Relations 140

5.1 Polysemy 140

1.Two Approaches to Polysemy 141

2.Two Processes of Development 143

5.2 Homonymy 146

1.Types of Homonyms 146

2.Origins of Homonyms 147

3.Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 148

4.Rhetoric Features of Homonyms 149

1.Definition of Synonyms 150

5.3 Synonymy 150

2.Types of Synonyms 151

3.Sources of Synonyms 152

4.Discrimination of Synonyms 154

5.4 Antonymy 160

1.Types of Antonyms 160

2.Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 163

3.The Use of Antonyms 166

5.5 Hyponymy 168

5.6 Semantic Field 171

Questions and Tasks 176

Chapter 6 Changes in Word Meaning 186

6.1 Types of Change 187

1.Extension of Meaning 187

2.Narrowing of Meaning 189

3.Elevation of Meaning 191

4.Degradation of Meaning 192

5.Transference of Meaning 193

6.Euphemism 196

6.2 Mechanism of Change 197

6.3 Causes of Change 201

1.Extra-linguistic Factors 201

2.Linguistic Factors 204

Questions and Tasks 206

7.1 Types of Context 210

Chapter 7 Meaning and Context 210

1.Extra-linguistic Context 211

2.Linguistic Context 214

7.2 The Role of Context 216

1.Elimination of Ambiguity 217

2.Indication of Referents 218

3.Provision of Clues for Inference of Word-meaning 219

Questions and Tasks 223

8.1 Characteristics of Idioms 225

1.Semantic Unity 225

Chapter 8 English Idioms 225

2.Structural Stability 226

8.2 Classification of Idioms 228

1.Idioms Nominal in Nature 230

2.Idioms Adjectival in Nature 230

3.Idioms Verbal in Nature 231

4.Idioms Adverbial in Nature 232

5.Sentence Idioms 233

1.Stylistic Features 234

8.3 Use of Idioms 234

2.Rhetorical Features 237

3.Variations of Idioms 242

Questions and Tasks 246

Chapter 9 English Dictionaries 251

9.1 The Development of the Dictionary 252

1.Early Glossaries and Word Books 252

2.Modern English Dictionaries 253

3.American Dictionaries 255

9.2 Types of Dictionaries 257

1.Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries 257

2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic Dictionaries 258

3.Unabridged,Desk and Pocket Dictionaries 259

9.3 Using the Dictionary 267

1.Choice of Dictionaries 267

2.Making Full Use of the Dictionary 271

Questions and Tasks 276

Chapter 10 Aspects of Vocabulary Learning 278

10.1 Vocabulary Storage 279

10.2 Schematic Learning 280

10.3 Learning by Lexical Phrases 281

10.4 Learning Words in Discourse 282

1.Cohesion 283

2.Discourse Markers and Organizers 286

Questions and Tasks 291

REFERENCES 292

词汇学术语英汉对照表 298