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VOLUME Ⅰ The United Kingdom 3

CHAPTER ONE LAND AND PEOPLE 3

Section One The British Isles and Great Britain 3

1.Names and Position 3

2.Physiographic Features 8

3.Climate and Weather 11

4.Factors Influencing English Weather 14

5.Inland Water 14

6.The English Language 16

Section Two People and the State 20

1.People 21

2.Party Politics 23

3.Central Government 24

4.Local Governments 25

5.Law 27

6.Reform of the Law Court 28

7.Legal Profession 30

8.Police Force 30

9.Religion 31

10.Characteristics of the English People 34

11.Generation Gap 37

1.General Survey 40

Section Three National Economy 40

2.Company Law and Framework of Industry 41

3.Heavy and Light Industries 43

4.Textile Industries 45

5.Agriculture 46

6.Transportation and Communication 47

7.British Disease and Thatcher’s Medicine 49

8.Cities 51

CHAPTER TWO ENGLISH HISTORY 59

Section One Origion of the English Nation 59

1.The Native Celts and the Anglo-Saxon Conquest 59

3.The Norman Conquest 65

2.The Normans 65

4.Influence of the Norman Conquest and Middle English 66

Section Two Beginning of Parliament and Decline of Feudalism 70

1.Henry Ⅱ and His Reform 70

2.The Great Charter 73

3.Beginning of Parliament 76

4.The Hundred Years’War 78

5.The Black Death(1348—1349) 79

6.The Peasant Uprising(1368) 81

7.The Wars of the Roses(1455—1485) 82

Section Three The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie 84

1.The New Monarchy 84

2.Renaissance in England 85

3.The Three Major Churches of the World 88

4.The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages 89

5.Revolt of the Protestants 90

6.Reformation in England and the Church of England 91

7.Elizabeth Ⅰ(1533—1603) 93

8.Culture and Social Life 96

Section Four The English Bourgeois Revolution and the Industrial Revolution 98

1.James Ⅰ 98

2.Charles Ⅰ 100

3.The Independents and Puritants 101

4.The Petition of Right 102

5.The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament 103

6.The Civil War 103

7.Restoration(1660) 106

8.The Glorious Revolution(1688) 107

9.Background of the Industrial Revolution 108

10.Process of the Industrial Revolution 109

11.Effect of the Industrial Revolution 111

12.The Chartist Movement(1836—1848) 113

13.Queen Victoria and Her Time(1837—1901) 115

Section Five The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 117

1.Foreign Expansion 117

2.The First World War and the Decline of the British Empire 122

3.Britain and the Second World War 123

CHAPTER THREE POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 129

Section One The Monarchy 129

Section Two The Nobility and House of Lords 134

Section Three The House of Commons 138

Section Four The British Government 142

Section Five Political Parties 144

Section Six Educational System and Schools 148

CHAPTER FOUR SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 154

Section One Family and Life 154

Section Two Britain’s Papers，Radio and Television 163

Section One The United States and the Americans 169

1.Name，Size and Position 169

VOLUME Ⅱ The United States 169

CHAPTER ONE PANORAMIC VIEW 169

2.Government Principles and System 170

3.The Federal Government 172

4.State Governments 175

5.Local Governments 176

6.Population 177

7.The Melting Pot 183

8.Distribution of People 185

9.Background of the Class Structure 187

10.The Upper，Middle and Lower Classes 188

1.The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains 194

Section Two Geographical Features，Climate and Natural Resources 194

2.The Great Mississippi River Basin 195

3.The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean 196

4.Climate and Weather 198

5.Rivers and Lakes 201

6.Forests 205

7.Mineral Resources 206

8.Land Resources 208

9.New Problems 209

1.General Introduction 211

Section Three National Economy and Cities 211

2.The Market Sector 212

3.The Corporate Sector 214

4.The Public Sector 215

5.Economic and Trade Relations with China 216

6.Industry and Cities 217

7.Agriculture and Husbandry 229

8.Transportation and Communication 233

9.Current Problems 235

Section One The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence 239

1.The Founding of the Colonies 239

CHAPTER TWO AMERICAN HISTORY 239

2.The Early Immigrants 242

3.Life in the Colonies 244

4.Relation between England and Colonies 247

5.The Boston Tea Party 248

6.The First Continental Congress 249

7.The First Armed Clash 250

8.The Second Continental Congress 251

9.The Declaration of Independence 253

10.Military Struggle and Final Victory 254

1.America Following Independence 258

Section Two Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion 258

2.The Constitutional Convention 260

3.The American Constitution 262

4.Washington as the First President 265

5.Jefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 267

6.The Second War with England(1812) 268

7.The Monroe Doctrine(1823) 270

8.The Mexican War and Its Results(1846—1848) 272

9.Large Scale Expansion to the West 274

10.Frontiersmen’s Influence on Politics 279

Section Three The Civil War 281

1.The Beginning of Slavery in America 281

2.Conflicts Arising from Slavery 283

3.Abraham Lincoln 286

4.Military Contest in the Civil War 288

5.The Emancipation Proclamation and Final Victory 290

6.Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero 291

7.Effect of the Civil War 294

8.Economic Development 295

9.Appearance of Monopoly Businesses 298

10.Progressivism 300

11.The Federal Reserve Bank 302

12.Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain 302

13.Aggression against China 304

2.America Entering the War(1917) 305

1.America’s Neutrality 305

Section Four America During and After World War Ⅰ 305

3.America after World War(Ⅰ) 307

4.The Great Depression 311

5.President Roosevelt’s“New Deal” 313

6.Comment on the“New Deal” 315

Section Five America During and After World WarⅡ 317

1.Background and Outbreak of General War 317

2.Changes of the US Policy 319

3.The Lend-Lease Bill 320

4.America’s Entry into the War 321

6.Cold War and America’s Containment 324

5.America after the War 324

7.Red Scare and the MeCarthy Era 328

8.Demand for Reform 328

9.Counterculture and the Beat Generation 332

10.The Watergate Affair 334

11.Reagan Revolution and Clinton 336

CHAPTER THREE FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL LIFE 341

Section One Political Parties and Elections 341

Section Two The Federal Government and the President 347

Section Three The US Congress 354

Section Four The Judicial Branch 358

Section Five Education and Schools 365

Section Six Employment，Life and Family 374

CHAPTER FOUR SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 384

Section One The US Radio and Television 384

Section Two The US Passport and Immigration Law 386

Section Three Investment：A Basic Glossary 390

Reference 394

Ⅰ.Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain 394

Ⅱ.The 50 States of America 400

Ⅲ.Presidents of the U.S. 402

Ⅳ.Currency 404

Ⅴ.Bibliography 406