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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 DEFINITION OF NONWOVENS 1

1.1.1 Definition of INDA 1

1.1.2 Definition of EDANA 1

1.1.3 Definition of ASTM 1

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NONWOVENS 2

1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF NONWOVENS 3

1.3.1 History and Background 3

1.3.2 Trends in Materials，Process and New Products 4

CHAPTER 2 FIBERS FOR NONWOVENS 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION 6

2.2 CELLULOSIC NATURAL FIBERS 8

2.2.1 Cotton 8

2.2.2 Flax 9

2.2.3 Hemp 9

2.2.4 Jute 10

2.2.5 Ramie 10

2.3 PROTEIN NATURAL FIBERS 13

2.3.1 Wool 13

2.3.2 Silk 13

2.3.3 Camel Hair 14

2.3.4 Mohair 14

2.4 REGENERATED FIBERS 16

2.4.1 Rayon 16

2.4.2 Cellulose Acetate 18

2.4.3 Lyocell 20

2.5 SYNTHETIC FIBERS 25

2.5.1 Olefin Fiber 25

2.5.2 Polyester 30

2.5.3 Nylon Fibers 32

2.5.4 Acrylic 35

2.5.5 Carbon Fibers 36

CHAPTER 3 WEB FORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF NONWOVENS 42

3.1 DRY LAID PROCESS 43

3.1.1 Fiber Selection 43

3.1.2 Fiber Preparation 43

3.1.3 Web Forming 44

3.1.4 Laying 46

3.2 WET-LAID PROCESS 51

3.2.1 Paper and Textiles 51

3.2.2 Raw Materials 51

3.2.3 Production Machinery 53

3.2.4 Special Features of the Wet-1aid Process and Its Products 55

3.3 SPUN-LAID PROCESS 58

3.3.1 Polymer 58

3.3.2 Spinning and Web Formation 59

3.3.3 Characteristics and Properties 61

3.3.4 Applications 61

3.4 MELT BLOWN PROCESS 63

3.4.1 Polymer Type 64

3.4.2 Processing 64

3.4.3 Web Characteristics and Properties 68

3.4.4 Process Structure Property 69

3.4.5 Applications 70

3.4.6 Comparison of Melt Blown and Spunbond 71

CHAPTER 4 WEB BONDING TECHNOLOGIES OF NONWOVENS 74

4.1 CHEMICAL BONDING PROCESS 74

4.1.1 Bonding Agents(Binders) 74

4.1.2 Chemical Bonding Processes 76

4.1.3 Applications 79

4.2 NEEDLEPUNCHING PROCESS 80

4.2.1 Process 80

4.2.2 Mechanism of Needle Loom 80

4.2.3 Felting Needle 81

4.2.4 Types of Needle Looms 82

4.2.5 Machine Variable 84

4.2.6 Applications 84

4.3 SPUNLACING PROCESS 85

4.3.1 Process 86

4.3.2 Materials Used in Spunlaced Technology 87

4.3.3 Parameter Affecting the Product Performance 89

4.3.4 Properties of Spunlaced Fabrics 90

4.3.5 Applications 91

4.4 THERMAL BONDING PROCESS 93

4.4.1 Binders 94

4.4.2 Methods of Thermal Bonding 95

4.4.3 Advantages and Energy Comparison 98

4.5 STITCH BONDING PROCESS 100

4.5.1 Batt Bonded by Threads 100

4.5.2 Stitch Bonding Without Threads 101

CHAPTER 5 NONWOVENS FINISHING 102

5.1 INTRODUCTION 102

5.2 SURFACE FINISHING 103

5.2.1 Calendering 103

5.2.2 Embossing 104

5.2.3 Pressing 104

5.2.4 Singeing,Splitting,Grinding and Velouring 104

5.3 SHAPE FINSHING 106

5.3.1 Shrinkage 106

5.3.2 Wrenching 107

5.3.3 Creeping,Perforating and Slitting 107

5.4 WET FINISHING 110

5.4.1 Washing 110

5.4.2 Dyeing 111

5.4.3 Printing 112

5.5 CHEMICAL FINISHES 114

5.5.1 Antistats 115

5.5.2 Antimicrobials 115

5.5.3 Water Repellents 115

5.5.4 Lubricants 116

5.5.5 UV Absorbers and Polymer Stabilizers 116

5.5.6 Flame Retardants 116

5.5.7 Softeners 117

5.5.8 Absorbency and Rewetters 117

5.5.9 Thermoplastic Binders,Resins and Emulsion Polymers 117

5.5.10 Thermosetting Resins and Crosslinking Agents 117

5.5.11 Soil Release 117

5.5.12 Optical Brighteners 118

5.6 COATING 121

5.6.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition and Physical vapour Deposition 121

5.6.2 Electro Deposition 121

5.6.3 Spray Coating 122

5.7 LAMINATING AND FLOCKING 122

CHAPTER 6 PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS OF NONWOVENS 124

6.1 HEALTHCARE AND HYGIENE 124

6.1.1 Absorbent Hygiene Products 124

6.1.2 Healthcare and Medical Application 128

6.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 134

6.2.1 Automotive 134

6.2.2 Building 137

6.2.3 Cable Wrapping 139

6.2.4 Filtration 139

6.2.5 Industrial and Institutional Wipes 141

6.3 PACKAGING AND AGRICULTURE 145

6.3.1 Packaging 145

6.3.2 Agriculture and Horticulture 146

6.3.3 Landscaping Fabric 149

6.4 GEOTEXTILE 151

6.4.1 Geotextile Classifications 151

6.4.2 Geotextile Types 153

6.4.3 Essential Functions of Geotextiles 153

6.5 FURNISHINGS 156

6.6 NONWOVENS IN APPAREL INDUSTRY 159

6.6.1 Protective Dress 159

6.6.2 Fashion Apparel 160

CHAPTER 7 NONWOVENS TESTING 163

7.1 NONWOVENS CHARACTERIZATIONS 163

7.2 TESTING STANDARDS 165

7.3 TESTING CLASSIFICATION AND BASIC TESTS ITEMS 166

7.4 TESTING METHODS AND TECHNIQUE 168

7.4.1 Absorbency-capacity Tests 168

7.4.2 Electrostatic Properties 170

7.4.3 Flammability and Optical Properties 170

7.4.4 Permeability and Porosity 170

7.4.5 Filtration 172

7.4.6 Strength 174

7.4.7 Softness 175

7.4.8 Barrier 175

7.4.9 Contamination 176

CHAPTER 8 NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR NONWOVENS 182

8.1 NEW PRODUCTS FROM BIOCOMPONENTS 182

8.2 NANOFIBER NONWOVENS 186

8.2.1 Electrospinning Process 187

8.2.2 Properties of Nanofibers 188

8.2.3 Applications of Nanofibers 188

8.2.4 Challenges in Nanofibers 191

8.3 GREEN OR ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY NONWOVENS 192

8.4 SMART TEXTILES 194

8.4.1 Definition of Intelligent Clothing 194

8.4.2 Nonwoven Confortable Fabrics with Electric Circuits 194

8.4.3 Stretchable Nonwovens 196

词汇总表 199