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Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Geometrical Optics 1

1.1 Waves and Rays 1

1.2 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics 4

1.3 Refractive Index and Speed of Light 6

1.4 Reversibility of Ray Paths and Total Internal Reflection 7

1.5 Vector Form of Basic Laws 11

1.6 Classification of Optical Systems and Concept of Imaging 12

1.7 Ideal Images and Ideal Optical Systems 16

Chapter 2 Image Formation of Symmetrical Systems Made from Spherical Surfaces 20

2.1 Ray Tracing Formulae for Symmetrical Systems Made from Spherical Surfaces 20

2.2 Sign Conventions 22

2.3 Imaging Characters and Ray Tracing in the Paraxial Region 25

2.4 Basic Formulae of the Paraxial Region 27

2.5 Cardinal Points of an Optical System 31

2.6 Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Single Refracting Surface 34

2.7 Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Coaxial Spheric System 36

2.8 Chart Illustration for Image Formation 38

2.9 Image Positions and Sizes 40

2.10 Magnifications of Optical Systems 44

2.11 The Optical Invariant 47

2.12 Relationship Between the Front and Back Effective Focal Lengths 49

2.13 Nodal Planes and Nodal Points 51

2.14 Image Height of the Object at Infinity 53

2.15 Combination of Ideal Optical Systems 54

2.16 Ray Tracing for Ideal Optical Systems 58

2.17 Equations for Calculating the Positions of the Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Single Lens 61

Chapter 3 Instruments for Human Eyes 68

3.1 Characteristics of the Eye 68

3.2 Principles of the Magnifier and the Microscope 73

3.3 Principle of the Telescope 77

3.4 Defects of Eyes and Diopter Accommodation of Optical Instruments 81

3.5 Spatial Depth of Focus and Stereoscopic Effect 84

3.6 Binocular Instruments 86

Chapter 4 Mirror and Prism Systems 90

4.1 Applications of Mirror and Prism Systems in Optical Instruments 90

4.2 Imaging Properties of Mirrors 92

4.3 Rotation of Mirrors 94

4.4 Prism and Its Unfolding 95

4.5 Roof Surfaces and Roof Prisms 101

4.6 Imaging Properties of the Parallel Glass Block and Prism Size Calculation 103

4.7 Determination of Image Orientations for Mirrors and Prisms 107

4.8 Combination of the Coaxial System and the Mirror and Prism System 112

4.9 Prism Rotation Law 114

Chapter 5 Selection of Image Rays in Optical Systems 121

5.1 Stop and Its Application 121

5.2 Selection of Imaging Rays in Telescope Systems 123

5.3 Selection of Imaging Rays in the Microscope and Telecentric System 131

5.4 Field Lenses 135

5.5 Depth of Field 137

Chapter 6 Basics of Radiometry and Photometry 140

6.1 Solid Angle and Its Applications in Photometry 140

6.2 Basic Ideas in Radiometry 141

6.3 Relative Sensitivity of the Eye to Different Wavelengths 144

6.4 Basic Ideas in Photometry 146

6.5 Illuminance Formula and the Cosine Law of Luminous Intensity 152

6.6 Luminance of the Perfect Diffusive Surface 155

6.7 Luminance of the Light Beam in Optical Systems 156

6.8 Illuminance of the Image Plane 159

6.9 Illuminance and F Number of the Image Plane of the Camera Lens 162

6.10 Subjective Brightness of Human Eyes 164

6.11 Subjective Brightness when We Observe Through a Telescope 166

6.12 Calculation of Light Energy Loss in Optical Systems 169

Chapter 7 Image Quality of Optical Systems 176

7.1 Introduction 176

7.2 Color Dispersion and Chromatic Aberrations 178

7.3 The Axial Monochromatic Aberration—Spherical Aberration 180

7.4 Off-axial Monochromatic Aberrations 183

7.5 Aberration Curves 190

7.6 Wavefront Aberrations 194

7.7 Resolutions of Ideal Systems 196

7.8 Resolutions of Typical Systems 198

7.9 Optical Transfer Function 201

7.10 Application of Optical Transfer Function 206

7.11 Spot Diagrams 210

7.12 Encircled Energy 212

Chapter 8 Telescopes and Microscopes 214

8.1 Optical Performances of Telescopes 214

8.2 Objectives of Telescopes 220

8.3 Eyepieces of Telescopes 227

8.4 Introduction of Microscopes and Their Properties 233

8.5 Objectives and Eyepieces of Microscopes 236

Chapter 9 Cameras and Projectors 240

9.1 Characteristics of the Camera Lens 240

9.2 Typical Camera Lenses 242

9.3 Typical Projectors 245

9.4 Illumination Systems in Projectors 247

9.5 Projector Lenses 250

9.6 Energy Calculation of Projectors 253

Chapter 10 Other Optical Systems 258

10.1 Laser Optical Systems 258

10.2 Optical Information Processing Systems and Fourier-transform Lenses 268

10.3 Infrared Optical Systems 272

Vocabulary 284

Bibliography 293