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Part One The Book Report 1

Part Two The Whole Composition 12

Ⅰ.Format 12

Ⅱ.Outline 14

A.Deciding on a topic 14

B.Formulating a thesis 15

C.Collecting details 16

Ⅲ.Types of Writing 25

A.Narration 25

1.Guidelines for effective narration 26

B.Description 44

1.Description of a person 46

2.Description of a place 55

3.Description of an object 66

4.Description of a scene 70

C.Exposition 89

1.Exemplification 108

2.Process Analysis 131

3.Division and Classification 149

4.Cause and Effect 176

5.Comparison and Contrast 205

D.Argumentation 240

1.Form Your Argumentative Thesis 241

2.Focus on the Concerns and Knowledge of an Appropriate Audience 243

3.Tailor Evidence to the Argumentative Thesis 245

4.Develop Evidence with Adequate and Appropriate Support 246

1）Definition of important terms 246

2）Verifiable facts 246

3）Examples,including personal experience 246

4）Recognized authority on the subject 247

5）Quotations,especially from an authority 247

6）Statistics 247

5.Provide Clear and Obvious Connections 248

Part Three Process of Writing a Research Paper 279

Ⅰ.Choose a suitable topic 280

A.Finding a topic 281

B.Narrowing the topic 281

Ⅱ.How to research 282

A.Exploring the library 282

B.Following a search strategy 283

1.Reference works 283

1）General encyclopedias 284

2）Specialized encyclopedias 284

3）Biographical references 285

4）Unabridged dictionaries 285

5）Books 286

6）Periodicals 287

7）Other sources 287

C.Evaluating sources for relevance and reliability 287

D.Preparing bibliography cards 289

1.How to take notes on your cards 291

1）Note cards that summarize 292

2）Note cards that paraphrase 292

3）Note cards that quote 292

4）Personal note cards 293

5）Alternatives to note cards 293

E.Reading and taking notes 293

Ⅲ.The thesis and outline 294

A.Arriving at the thesis 294

B.Constructing a preliminary outline 294

1.Focusing on a hypothesis 295

2.Constructing a preliminary outline 296

Ⅳ.Expand notes into a draft,then into a paper 297

A.Preparing the first draft 297

B.Incorporating notes into the flow of a paper 298

Ⅴ.Follow the MLA style of in-text citations 298

A.The MLA style 299

1.Author in signal phrase,page number in parentheses 299

2.Author and page number in parentheses 300

3.When to include a title 300

4.Unknown author 300

5.A work with two or more authors 301

6.A multi-volume work 301

7.Anovel,a play,orapoem 302

8.Indirect source 303

9.Parenthetical citation of two or more works 303

B.Endnotes and footnotes 304

C.Spacing andpunctuation 305

D.Preparing a list ofworks cited 306

Part Four A Sample Research Paper 313

后记 336

英语写作自学考试大纲 337