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PART ONE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURECHAPTERS 1

1．The Making of England 1

The Britons 1

The Roman Conquest 1

The English Conquest 2

The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons 2

Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence 2

2．Beowulf 3

Anglo-Saxon Poetry 3

The Story of Beowulf 3

Features of Beowulf　　 4

Analysis of Its Content　　 4

3．Feudal England 5

The Danish Invasion 　 5

The Norman Conquest 　 5

The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language　 5

Social Feature of the Feudal England 　 6

The Miseries of the Peasants　　 6

The Rising of 1381　　 7

The Content of the Romance　 7

The Romance Cycles　 8

The Class Nature of the Romance　　 8

Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur　　 8

1．A Medieval Knight 8

2．The Knights of the Round Table at King Arthur's Court 9

A Picture of Feudal England　　 10

3．Sir Launcelot in His Madness 10

4．Langland 10

Piers the Plowman and Its Author　　 10

4．Ploughing with Oxen in the Time of Langland 11

Artistic Features　 14

5．The English Ballads 16

Oral Literature　　 16

The Ballads　　 16

5．Robin Hood, Scarlet and Little John 17

The Robin Hood Ballads　　 17

6．Chaucer 18

Life　 18

6．Geoffrey Chaucer 19

Chaucer's Literary Career　　 20

Troilus and Criseyde 20

The Canterbury Tales(1387—1400) 21

PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCECHAPTERS 21

7．The Pilgrims at Table 21

8．Canterbury Pilgrims 22

9．The Wife of Bath 23

The New Monarchy 26

1．Old England in Transition 26

The Reformation 26

The English Bible 27

10．Tyndale's Bible and Authorized Version 27

The Enclosure Movement 28

11．Illustration to The Book of Job in The Old Testament(Painting by William Blake) 28

The Renaissance and Humanism 29

The Commercial Expansion 29

The War with Spain 29

12．Caxton's Printing(c.1491) 30

William Caxton 30

13．Thomas More 31

Life　　 31

2．More 31

The Beginning of the English Renaissance 31

Utopia,Book One 32

Utopia　　 32

Utopia,Book Two 33

14．The Island of Utopia(Illustration to More's Utopia) 34

More's Limitations 35

The Flourishing of Literature 36

3．The Flowering of English Literature 36

Engels on the Renaissance 36

Sidney and Raleigh 37

15．Philip Sidney 38

16．Edmund Spenser 39

Edmund Spenser 39

17．The Shepherds' Calendar (An Illustration) 40

John Lyly 42

18．Title Page of Lyly's Euphues(1579) 42

19．Francis Bacon 43

Francis Bacon 43

4．Drama 44

The Miracle Play 44

The Classical Drama 45

The London Theatre 45

The Interlude 45

The Morality Play 45

The Audience 46

20．Elizabethan Stage(A Comtempory Drawing) 46

Life 47

5．Marlowe 47

The Playwrights 47

21．Robert Greene 47

22．Christopher Marlowe 48

Work 48

23．Tamburlaine the Great(Illustration to Marlowe's Play) 49

Doctor Faustus 50

Social Significance of Marlowe's Plays 51

Marlowe's Literary Achievement 52

24．William Shakespeare(Portrait in the First Folio of His Plays) 53

Life 53

6．Shakespeare 53

25．Trinity Church,Stratford-on-Avon 54

A Chronological List of Shakespeare's Plays 56

Periods of Shakespeare's Dramatic Composition 58

26．Romeo and Juliet 59

27．Portia(Illustration to The Merchant of Venice) 64

The Great Comedies 64

The Mature Histories 67

28．Falstaff Disowned by King Hal 71

29．Sir John Falstaff 73

The Great Tragedies 76

30．Macbeth and the Three Witches 79

Hamlet 80

31．Title Page of Hamlet(1603) 80

32．Hamlet and Ophelia(An Illustration) 81

The Poems 85

The Later Comedies 85

Features of Shakespeare's Drama 87

33．The Monument to Shakespeare 87

34．Ben Jonson 89

7．Ben Jonson 89

PART THREE THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONCHAPTERS 89

35．Robert Herrick 90

The Weakening of the Tie Between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie 92

The ClashesBetween the King and Parliament 92

1．The English Revolution and the Restoration 92

The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration 93

The Outburst of the English Revolution 93

The Split within the Revolutionary Camp 93

Literature of the Revolution Period 94

The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution 94

Life and Work 95

2．Milton 95

36．Young John Milton 95

37．John Milton 98

38．Milton Composing Paradise Lost 100

Paradise Lost 101

39．Title Page of Milton's Paradise Lost(First Edition,1667) 102

Samson Agonistes 104

Brief Summary 105

40．Samson Agonistes 105

3．Bunyan 106

Life 106

41．John Bunvan 107

The Pilgrim's Progress 108

42．Bunyan's Dream(Illustration to The Pilgrim's Progress) 108

43．Christian and Hopeful in the Dungeon(An Illustration to The Pilgrim's Progress) 109

44．John Donne 110

4．Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets 110

John Donne 110

George Herbert 112

Andrew Marvell 112

Henry Vaughan 113

5．Some Prose-Writers 113

Robert Burton 114

Thomas Browne 114

45．Robert Burton 114

46．Thomas Browne(A Statue) 115

Jeremy Taylor 115

Izaak Walton 115

6．Restoration Literature 116

Restoration Comedy 116

PART FOUR THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYCHAPTERS 117

John Dryden 117

47．John Dryden 118

1．The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature 119

The Enlightenment and 18th Century England 119

48．Richard Steele 121

Classicism 121

2．Addison and Steele 121

Steele and The Tatler 121

Addison and The Spectator 123

49．The Tatler(No.104) 123

50．Joseph Addison 124

51．Title-Page of The Spectator 125

3．Pope 126

Life 126

52．Alexander Pope(A Full-length Portrait) 127

Work 127

53．The Rape of the Lock(Cover Design) 128

Early Life 130

4．Swift 130

Workmanship and Limitation 130

54．Jonathan Swift 131

A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books 131

BickerstaffAlmanac(1708) 132

55．Gulliver in Lilliput 133

Gulliver's Travels 133

56．Gulliver in Brobdingnag 134

Pamphlets on Ireland 135

57．Dr.Swift,Dean of St.Patrick's 136

Illness and Death 136

Swift's Style 137

The Rise of the English Novel 138

5．Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel 138

58．Daniel Defoe 139

Defoe 139

59．Defoe in the Pillory(A Painting) 140

Defoe's Novels 141

Robinson Crusoe 142

60．Robinson Crusoe(An Illustration) 142

61．Discovering a Footprint(Illustration to Robinson Crusoe) 143

6．Richardson 144

62．Samuel Richardson 145

7．Fielding 147

Life 147

63．Henry Fielding(Portrait by William Hogarth) 148

Fielding as a Playwright 149

Joseph Andrews 150

Jonathan Wild 153

Tom Jones 155

Summary 159

Smollett 161

8．Smollett and Sterne 161

64．Laurence Sterne 164

Sterne 164

9．18th Century Drama and Sheridan 166

18th Century English Drama 166

Sheridan 167

65．Riehard Brinsley Sheridan 168

66．Sheridan Viewing the Burning of Drury Lane Theatre 168

67．Dr.Samuel Johnson 170

10．Johnson 170

Life 170

Johnson's Dictionary 171

68．Dr.Johnson and Boswell(Sketch by Boswell) 172

11．Goldsmith 172

Life 172

Boswell's Life of Johnson 172

69．Oliver Goldsmith 173

Work 174

70．Dr.Johnson Rescuing Goldsmith from His Landlady 174

71．Sweet Smiling Village of Auburn(Illustration to Goldsmith's The Deserted Village) 175

Life 178

12．Gibbon 178

72．Edward Gibbon 179

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 180

73．Thomas Gray 181

Sentimentalism in English Poetry 181

13．Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry 181

74．William Cowper 182

Pre-Romanticism 182

75．Death of Thomas Chatterton 183

76．William Blake 184

14．Blake 184

Life 184

Songs of Innocence(1789)and Songs of Experience(1794) 186

77．Songs of Innocence(Book Cover) 186

78．Songs of Experience(Book Cover) 187

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) 188

79．The Tiger(Poem and Picture by Blake) 188

Blake's Position in English Literature 189

Life 189

15．Burns 189

80．Robert Burns 190

The Poetry of Burns 192

PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLANDCHAPTERS 196

Features of Burns' Poetry 196

81．"We twa hae paidl'd in the burn,Frae morning sun till dine."(Illustration to Burns's Song Auld Lang Syne) 198

1．The Romantic Period 199

2．Wordsworth 201

82．William Wordsworth 202

83．Wordsworth in Old Age 205

Coleridge 206

84．Samuel Taylor Coleridge 206

3．Coleridge and Southey 206

85．The Ancient Mariner(An Illustration) 207

86．Illustration to The Ancient Mariner 208

87．S.T.Coleridge(A Plaque) 209

Southey 210

4．Byron 210

Life 210

88．Byron 211

89．Byron in 1814(In Albanian Costume) 213

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 214

Don Juan 216

90．An Illustration to Don Juan 217

91．Haidee(Illustration to Don Juan) 218

93．Percy B.Shelley 220

92．Byron in 1823 220

5．Shelley 220

Life 220

94．The Burning of Shelley's Body 222

Queen Mab 223

The Revolt of Islam 224

Prometheus Unbound 225

The Masque of Anarchy and Other Political Lyrics 227

Lyrics on Nature and Love 228

A Defence of Poetry 230

6．Keats 231

Life 231

95．John Keats 231

Long Poems 233

96．Lorenzo and Isabella(Illustration to Keats's Poem Isabella or The Pot of Basil) 234

Short Poems 237

97．Keats in 1821(Painted in Rome) 238

98．"Here lies one whose name was writ in water."(Keats'Grave in Rome) 239

7．Lamb 240

99．Charles Lamb 241

Life 241

Lamb's Literary Career 242

The Essays of Elia 243

100．Charle Lamb in 1823 243

8．Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt 244

Hazlitt 244

101．William Hazlitt 245

Leigh Hunt 248

102．Leigh Hunt 248

9．De Quincey 249

103．Thomas De Quincey 250

10．Scott 251

Life 251

104．Walter Scott 251

His Historical Novels 252

105．"For Better or for Worse":Rob Roy and the Bailie(Illustration to Rob Roy) 253

106．Ivanhoe(A Film Poster) 254

Features of Scott's Historical Novels 255

PART SIX ENGLISH CRITICAL REALISMCHAPTERS 255

1．The Rise of Critical Realism in England 257

Social Background 257

Chartist Movement and Chartist Literature 258

107．Ernest Jones 260

English Critical Realism 261

2．Dickens 263

108．Charles Dickens at 24 263

Dickens' Novels 265

The First Period(1836—1841) 266

109．Mr.Pickwick 267

110．First Appearance of Sam Weller(Illustration to The Pickwick Papers) 268

111．Illustration to Oliver Twist 269

112．Fagin in the Condemned Cell(Illustration to Oliver Twist) 270

The Second Period(1842—1850) 272

113．Mr.Pecksniff(Illustration to Martin Chuzzlewit) 273

114．Edith and Carker(Illustration to Dombey and Son) 275

115．Changes at Home(Illustration to David Copperfield) 277

116．"I am hospitably received by Mr.Peggotty."(Illustration to David Copperfield) 278

The Third Period(1851—1870) 279

117．Mr.Micawber 279

118．In the Bastille(Illustration to A Tale of Two Cites) 282

Dickens:Man and Writer 285

119．Dickens:The Last Reading 285

120．Charles Dickens(A Photo) 286

3．Thackeray 287

Life and Work 287

121．William Makepeace Thackeray 287

122．Becky Sharp and Joseph(Illustration to Vantity Fair) 289

Vanity Fair:A Novel Without a Hero 289

123．Becky Sharp and Her Husband Rawdon(Illustration to Vanity Fair) 290

124．W.M.Thackeray(A Contemporary Drawing) 291

Jane Austen(1775—1817) 292

4．Some Women Novelists 292

125．Jane Austen(A Drawing by Her Sister Cassandra) 293

The Brontё Sisters 293

126．Charlotte Brontё 295

127．Emily Brontё(Oil Painting by Her Brother Branwell) 296

Mrs.Gaskell 297

128．Heathcliff and Catherine(Illustration to Wuthering Heights) 297

129．Mrs.E.C.Gaskell 298

PART SEVEN PROSE-WRITERS AND POETS OF THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURYCHAPTERS 299

George Eliot 299

131．George Eliot 299

130．An Illustration to Mrs.Gaskell's Cranford 299

132．Hetty Sorrel(Illustration to Adam Bede) 300

1．Carlyle 304

Thomas Carlyle 304

133．Thomas Carlyle 305

Sartor Resartus 306

Heroes and Hero-Worship 307

The French Revolution 307

Past and Present 308

Carlyle as a Literary Critic 308

Engels on Carlyle 308

2．Ruskin and Some Other Prose-Writers 309

Ruskin 309

134．John Ruskin 310

135．Matthew Arnold 313

Arnold 313

Macaulay 316

136．Thomas Babington Macaulay 316

3． Tennyson 317

Tennyson's Life and Career 318

137．Alfred Tennyson 319

In Memoriam 319

The Idylls of theKing 321

138．Sir Galahad(Illustration to The Idylle ofthe King) 321

4．The Brownings 322

Browning's Early Life and Career 322

139．Robert Browning at 43 323

Elizabeth Barrett(Mrs.Browning) 324

140．Mrs.Elizabeth Browning 324

141．Illustration to Sonnets from the Portuguese 325

Browning's Main Achievement in Poetry 326

142．Illustration to Browning's Home Thoughts from Abroad 327

Browning's Short Lyrics 327

144．Robert Browning in Old Age 329

143．The Pied Piper of Hamelin(An Illustration) 329

145．Dante Gabriel Rossetti 330

Dante Gabriel Rossetti 330

5．The Rossettis and Swinburne 330

146．Lady Lilith(Illustration to D.G.Rossetti's The House of life) 332

Christina Georgina Rossetti(1830—1894) 332

147．Christina Rossetti(By D.G.Rossetti) 333

Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat 334

148．"Buy from us with a Golden Curl"(D.G.Rossetti's Illustration to Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market) 334

Algernon Charles Swinburne 336

6．William Morris 337

149．Algernon Charles Swinburne 337

Life 338

150．William Morris 338

A Dream of John Ball 340

News from Nowhere 341

151．Kelmscott Manor(William Morris' Woodcut in News from Nowhere) 342

7．Literary Trends at the End of the Century 344

Naturalism 344

152．Robert Louis Stevenson 346

Neo-Romanticism 346

Aestheticism 347

PART EIGHT TWENTIETH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURECHAPTERS 347

153．Walter Pater 348

155．Illustration to Wilde's Salomé(By Aubrey Beardsley) 349

154．Oscar Wilde 349

1．The New Century:Social and Historical Background 351

2．English Novel of Early 20th Century 352

The Realists 352

Kipling Bennett and Conrad 353

156．Illustration to Kipling's The Jungle Book 354

157．Arnold Bennet(A Caricature) 354

158．Joseph Conrad 355

159．Henry James 356

Henry James 356

Katharine Mansfield 357

3．Hardy 357

Life and Work 357

Tess of the D'Urbervilles 358

160．Thomas Hardy 358

161．Tess and Angel Clare(An Illustration to Tess of the D'urbervilles) 359

Jude the Obscure 359

4．Galsworthy 360

Life and Work 360

The Forsyte Saga 361

162．John Galsworthy 361

The Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory 363

5．The Irish Dramatic Movement 363

163．Abbey Theatre Group(J.M.Synge,Sir Hugh Lane,W.B.Yeats and Lady Gregory) 364

J.M.Synge 364

O'Casey 364

6．Bernard Shaw 365

Life 365

164．George Bernard Shaw 365

Dramatic Work 367

Mrs.Warren's Profession 368

Major Barbara 370

Heartbreak House 371

165．Rupert Brooke 372

7．Some Poets of Early 20th Century 372

166．John Masefield 373

Imagism 374

8．Modernism in Poetry 374

W.B.Yeats 375

167．William Butler Yeats(In Early Years) 375

T.S.Eliot 377

168．W.B.Yeats(Portrait by His Father John B.Yeats) 377

169．T.S.Eliot(in 1921) 378

9．The Psychological Fiction 380

170．T.S.Eliot 380

D.H.Lawrence 380

171．D.H.Lawrence 381

The "Stream of Consciousness" School of Novel 383

James Joyce 383

172．James Joyce 384

Virginia Woolf 386

173．Virginia Woolf 386

10．Robert Tressell:A Working-Class Novelist 389

Ralph Fox and The Novel and the People 392

11．Marxist Literary Criticism 392

174．Ralph Fox 393

Christopher Caudwell 395

PART NINE POETS AND NOVELISTS WHO WROTE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WARCHAPTERS 396

Other Marxist Critics 396

1．Social and Historical Background 397

2．W.H.Auden 398

175．W.H.Auden 399

176．W.H.Auden(A Sketch) 402

177．W.H.Auden(In Old Age) 405

3．Dylan Thomas 406

178．Dylan Thomas in 1938 406

179．Dylan Thomas 407

180．Dylan Thomas on His Book Cover 409

4．Hugh MacDiarmid 410

181．Hugh MacDiarmid 410

182．Hugh MacDiarmid:Selected Poetry(Book Cover) 414

5．E.M.Forster 417

183．E.M.Forster 417

6．Evelyn Waugh 420

184．Evelyn Waugh 421

7．Graham Greene 423

185．Graham Greene 423

8．Aldous Huxley 425

Point Counter Point 426

186．Aldous Huxley(A Caricature) 426

Brave New World 427

9．George Orwell 428

187．George Orwell 428

188．George Orwell:1987(Book Cover) 430

10．William Golding 431

189．William Golding 431

190．Doris Lessing 433

ILLUSTRATIONS 433

11．Doris Lessing 433

191．The Golden Notebook(Book Cover) 434

192．Doris Lessing's Autobiography(Book Cover) 435

193．Doris Lessing(A Caricature) 436