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Part One 2

CHAPTER ONE　Introduction 2

1.1　What is language? 2

1.2　Design features of language 2

1.2.1　Arbitrariness 3

1.2.2　Duality 3

1.2.3　Creativity 4

1.2.4　Displacement 4

1.2.5　Cultural Transmission 5

1.3　Functions of language 5

1.4　What is linguistics? 6

1.5　Scope of linguistics 6

1.6　Some important distinctions in linguistics 8

1.6.1　Descriptive ＆ Prescriptive 8

1.6.2　Synchronic ＆ Diachronic 8

1.6.3　Langue ＆ Parole 9

1.6.4　Competence ＆ Performance 9

Study questions 10

CHAPTER TWO　Speech Sounds 11

2.1　Phonetics 11

2.1.1　Classification of English consonants 12

2.1.2　Classification of English Vowels 16

2.2　Orthographic representation of speech sounds——broad and narrow transcriptions 18

Study questions 18

CHAPTER THREE　Phonology 20

3.1　Phonemes 20

3.2　Phones and Allophones 21

3.3　Phonemic contrast,Complementary distribution,and Minimal pair 22

3.4　Syllables and clusters 23

3.5　Prosodic phonology and Suprasegmental phonology 24

3.6　Co-articulation effects 26

3.6.1　Assimilation 26

3.6.2　Elision 27

3.6.3　Dissimilation 28

Study questions 28

CHAPTER FOUR　Morphology—Structure of Words 29

4.1　Open class and closed class 29

4.2　Morphology 29

4.2.1　Morphemes 30

4.2.2　Morphs and allomorphs 31

4.2.3　Morpheme and phoneme 32

4.3　Morphemic structure and phonological structure 32

4.4　Word formation 33

4.4.1　Derivation 33

4.4.2　Compounding 33

4.4.3　Inflection 34

4.4.4　Borrowing words 34

4.4.5　Blending 34

4.4.6　Abbreviation 35

4.4.7　Acronym 35

4.4.8　Back formation 36

Study questions 36

CHAPTER FIVE　Syntax—Sentence Patterns 37

5.1　The traditional approach 38

5.1.1　Concord and government 38

5.2　The structural approach 39

5.2.1　Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 39

5.2.2　Symbols used in syntactic description 41

5.2.3　Labeled tree diagrams 42

5.2.4　Phrase structure rules 43

5.2.5　Recursion 44

5.3　The generative approach 44

5.3.1　Noam Chomsky 44

5.3.2　Transformational rules 46

5.4　The functional approach 48

5.4.1　Functional sentence perspective 48

5.4.2　Systemic-Functional grammar 49

Study questions 51

CHAPTER SIX　Discourse Analysis 52

6.1　Historical development of discourse analysis 52

6.2　Definition of discourse analysis 53

6.3　Basic framework for the study of discourse 54

6.3.1　Language as System and as Activity 54

6.3.2　Language use with Purpose and Function 56

6.3.3　Language in Situation 57

6.3.4　Community Context 59

6.4　Cohesion 60

6.4.1　Reference 61

6.4.2　Substitution 62

6.4.3　Ellipsis 63

6.4.4　Conjunction 63

6.4.5　Lexical cohesion 64

6.4.6　Lexical net 65

6.5　Coherence 66

Study questions 67

CHAPTER SEVEN　Semantics 68

7.1　The meaning of"meaning" 68

7.2　Some views concerning the study of meaning 69

7.2.1　The naming theory 69

7.2.2　The conceptualist view 69

7.2.3　Behaviorism 70

7.3　Word meaning 70

7.4　Conceptual vs.associative meaning 71

7.5　Sense relations 71

7.5.1　Synonymy 72

7.5.2　Antonymy 72

7.5.3　Polysemy 73

7.5.4　Hyponymy 74

7.5.5　Prototypes 74

7.6　Sense relations between sentences 75

7.6.1　Entailment 75

7.6.2　Presupposition 76

7.6.3　Synonymy 76

7.6.4　Contradiction 76

7.6.5　Tautology 76

7.6.6　Inconsistency 76

7.6.7　Anomaly 76

7.7　Analysis of meaning—semantic features 77

7.7.1　Componential analysis 78

7.7.2　Predicational analysis 78

Study questions 79

CHAPTER EIGHT　Pragmatics 81

8.1　Sentence meaning vs.discourse meaning 81

8.2　Presupposition 82

8.3　Speech events 82

8.4　Speech act theory 83

8.5　The theory of conversational implicature 85

8.5.1　Cooperative Principle(CP) 85

8.5.2　Politeness Principle(PP) 87

8.6　Conversational interaction 87

Study questions 89

CHAPTER NINE　Ianguage,Culture and Society 90

9.1　Language and culture 90

9.1.1　Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 91

9.2　Language and society 92

9.2.1　Speech community and speech variety 92

9.2.2　Varieties of language 93

9.2.3　Register 96

9.2.4　Standard dialect 97

9.2.5　Pidgin and Creole 97

9.2.6　Bilingualism and diglossia 98

Study questions 99

CHAPTER TEN　First Language Acquisition 100

10.1　Theories of child language acquisition 100

10.1.1　A behaviorist view of language acquisition 100

10.1.2　An innatist view of language acquisition 100

10.1.3　An interactionist view of language acquisition 102

10.2　Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis 103

10.3　Stages in child language development 104

10.3.1　Phonological development 104

10.3.2　The one-word or holophrastic stage 105

10.3.3　Two-word stage 105

10.3.4　Telegraphic stage 106

10.3.5　Atypical Development 106

Study questions 107

CHAPTER EIEVEN　Second Language Acquisition 108

11.1　Acquisition and learning 108

11.2　The nature of second language learning 109

11.3　Major L2 learning theories 110

11.3.1　The interlanguage theory 110

11.3.2　Input and output theories 111

11.3.3　Contrastive analysis 111

11.3.4　The affective filter hypothesis 113

11.4　Second language acquisition and its pedagogical implications 114

Study questions 114

CHAPTER TWELVE　Modern Linguistics Schools and Theories 115

12.1　Ferdinand de Saussure 115

12.2　The Prague School 116

12.3　Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) 117

12.4　American structuralism 117

12.5　Transformational-Generative Grammar 118

12.6　Chomsky's innateness hypothesis 119

12.7　The London School 120

12.8　Halliday's functional grammar 120

Part Two 124

第一章　概述 124

本章概述 124

要点分析 125

名词解释 129

参考答案 130

第二章　语音 134

本章概述 134

要点分析 134

名词解释 135

参考答案 136

第三章　音系学 138

本章概述 138

要点分析 139

名词解释 143

参考答案 143

第四章　形态学——单词的结构 146

本章概述 146

要点分析 148

名词解释 151

参考答案 152

第五章　句法学——句子的模式 155

本章概述 155

要点分析 156

名词解释 158

参考答案 158

第六章　话语分析 162

本章概述 162

要点分析 164

名词解释 165

参考答案 165

第七章　语义学 168

本章概述 168

要点分析 170

名词解释 174

参考答案 176

第八章　语用学 179

本章概述 179

要点分析 180

名词解释 185

参考答案 187

第九章　语言、文化与社会 190

本章概述 190

要点分析 192

名词解释 197

参考答案 199

第十章　第一语言习得 201

本章概述 201

要点分析 202

名词解释 204

参考答案 207

第十一章　第二语言习得 210

本章概述 210

要点分析 211

名词解释 212

参考答案 214

第十二章　现代语言学流派与理论 217

本章概述 217

要点分析 218

Glossary 224

语言学主要术语英汉对照表 224

语言学主要术语汉英对照表 268

References 282