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Unit 1 A Survey of Tourism in China 1

Unit 2 A Survey of Chinese History 4

1．Ancient Myth 4

2．The Primitive Society 5

3．The Slavery Society 6

4．The Feudal Society 7

5．Democratic Revolution Period 14

Unit 3 General Knowledge on Chinese Culture 18

1．Science and Technology 18

1.1 Astronomy 18

1.2 Agriculture and Planting 20

1.3 Handicraft and Commerce 20

1.4 Ancient Inventions 22

1.5 Architecture and Project 25

1.6 Pharmacology and Medicine 27

1.7 Mathematics 29

2．Chinese Art 30

2.1 Characters 30

2.2 Calligraphy and Calligraphers 32

2.3 Paintings 36

2.4 Carvings 39

2.5 Music,Dance and Opera 40

3．Literature and Historiography 43

3.1 Literature 43

3.2 Historiography 46

3.3 Library Book 47

4．Ideology 48

5．Education and the Imperial Examination System 52

5.1 History of Education 52

5.2 Imperial Examination System 53

5.3 Four Books and Five Classics（《四书五经》） 54

6．Special Themes in History 55

6.1 Calendar and Chronology 55

6.2 Titles and Names of Persons 60

Unit 4 Tourism Resources in China 71

1．A Survey of the Geography 71

1.1 Position and Area 71

1.2 Population and Language 71

1.3 Climate 72

1.4 Administrative Divisions 72

1.5 Physical Features 72

1.6 Water Resources 72

1.7 Mineral Resources 73

1.8 Biological Resources 73

2．A Survey of Tourism Resources 73

3．The Classification of Tourism Resources 77

Unit 5 Land Scenery 84

1．The Five Sacred Mountains 84

1.1 Tai Mountain 84

1.2 Hua Mountain 85

1.3 Heng Mountain(north) 86

1.4 Heng Mountain(south) 86

1.5 Song Mountain 87

2．The Four Most Famous Buddhist Mountains 88

2.1 Putuo Mountain 88

2.2 Wutai Mountain 89

2.3 Emei Mountain 89

2.4 Jiuhua Mountain 90

3．Huangshan Mountain 91

4．Lu Mountain 91

5．Wuyi Mountain 92

6．Yandang Mountain 93

7．Danxia Mountain 93

8．Wudang Mountain 94

9．Qingcheng Mountain 94

10．Sanqing Mountain 95

11．Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area 96

12．Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 97

13．Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 97

Unit 6 Water Scenery 100

1．Rivers 100

1.1 The Yangtze River 100

1.2 The Yellow River 102

1.3 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 102

1.4 The Pearl River 103

1.5 The Heilongjiang River 104

2．Lakes 104

2.1 Poyang Lake 104

2.2 Qinghai Lake 105

2.3 Chaerhan Salt Lake 105

2.4 The West Lake of Hangzhou 106

2.5 Dianchi Lake 106

3．Waterfalls 107

3.1 The Huangguoshu Waterfall 107

3.2 The Hukou Waterfall 108

4．Springs 108

5．Seas and Seashores 109

5.1 Beidaihe Beach Resort 109

5.2 Qingdao Bathing Beach Resort 110

Unit 7 Biological Scenery 112

1．Plant Scenery 112

2．Animal Scenery 114

Unit 8 Meteorological Scenery 118

1．Weather Scenery 133

1.1 Mirages 133

1.2 Polar Lights or Auroras 134

1.3 Buddha's Lights 134

2．Climate Scenery 135

Unit 9 Ancient Sites and Ruins 136

1．Ruins of Human Activity 136

1.1 Ruins of Yuanmou Man 136

1.2 Ruins of Peking Man at Zhoukoudian 137

2．Sites of Great Historical Events 137

2.1 Mount Jinggang 137

2.2 Mount Baota 138

3．Military Ruins and Ancient Battlefields 139

3.1 Chibi Ancient Battlefield 139

3.2 Changbanpo Ancient Battlefield 139

4．Ancient Temples 140

4.1 The White Horse Temple（白马寺） 140

4.2 The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu 141

4.3 Shaolin Temple（少林寺） 141

5．Traffic Ruins 142

5.1 The Silk Road（丝绸之路） 142

5.2 Shu Road（蜀道） 143

6．Ancient Cities and Villages 143

6.1 Yin Xu（殷墟） 143

6.2 Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom（高句丽王城） 144

6.3 The Historic Centre of Macao（澳门历史城区） 144

6.4 Ancient City of Pingyao（平遥古城） 145

6.5 Old Town of Lijiang（丽江古城） 146

7．The Great Wall 147

Unit 10 Architecture and Facilities 149

1．A Survey of Chinese Ancient Architecture 149

2．Classical Chinese Gardens 153

2.1 The Summer Palace（颐和园） 154

2.2 Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples,Chengde（承德避暑山庄和外寺庙） 154

2.3 The Humble Administrator's Garden 155

2.4 The Lingering Garden 156

3．City and City Defense Architecture 156

3.1 Chang'an City of the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD) 156

3.2 Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty(618-907) 157

3.3 Nanjing City of the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) 157

3.4 Xi'an City of the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) 157

4．Palace Architecture 158

4.1 Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang 159

4.2 Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace,Lhasa（历史乐团的布达拉宫，拉萨） 159

5．Temple and Pagoda Architecture 160

5.1 Temple of Heaven:An Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing 160

5.2 Famen Temple（法门寺） 161

6．Grottoes and Cliff Inscriptions 162

6.1 Yungang Grottoes（云冈石窟） 162

6.2 Longmen Grottoes（龙门石窟） 162

6.3 Mogao Grottoes（莫高窟） 163

6.4 Dazu Rock Carvings（大足石刻） 164

7．Mausoleum Architecture 164

7.1 Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses 165

7.2 Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 166

8．Irrigation Project 168

8.1 Dujiangyan Irrigation System 168

8.2 The Grand Canal（京杭大运河） 168

9．Residence Architecture 169

9.1 Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui—Xidi and Hongcun 169

9.2 Kaiping Diaolou and Villages（开平碉楼与村落） 170

9.3 Tulou（土楼） 171

Unit 11 Tourism Goods 173

1．Food 173

1.1 Cuisine 173

1.2 Vegetarian Dishes 178

1.3 Archaized Dishes 178

1.4 Local Snacks 179

2．Local Products 180

2.1 Tea 180

2.2 Wine 180

2.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine 181

3．Handicrafts 182

3.1 Silk and Embroidery 182

3.2 Pottery and Porcelain 183

3.3 Lacquer Wares（漆器） 185

3.4 Cloisonné（景泰蓝） 186

3.5 Carvings 186

3.6 Handicraft Paintings 189

3.7 Paper-cut 190

3.8 Kites 190

3.9 The Four Treasures of the Study 190

Unit 12 Human Activities 193

1．Religions 193

1.1 Buddhism 193

1.2 Taoism 202

1.3 Islam 208

1.4 Christianity 210

2．Ethnic Groups 212

2.1 The HanNationality 217

2.2 Ethnic Groups in Jilin and Liaoning(Korean and Manchu) 218

2.3 Ethnic Groups in Inner Mongolia(Mongolian and Daur) 219

2.4 Ethnic Groups in Ningxia(Hui) 221

2.5 Ethnic Groups in Gansu(Baoan) 221

2.6 Ethnic Groups in Sichuan(Yi) 222

2.7 Ethnic Groups in Guizhou,Hunan and Hubei(Bouyei,Dong,Miao and Tujia) 222

2.8 Ethnic Groups in Guangxi(Zhuang) 225

2.9 Ethnic Groups in Yunnan(Achang,Bulang,Bai,Dai,Deang and Naxi) 226

2.10 Ethnic Groups in Tibet(Tibetan) 233

2.11 Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang(Uygur) 234

Keys to the Tasks 237

Appendix 1 Tourist Attractions in Provinces of China(alphabetically) 248

Appendix 2 Famous Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities（中国著名历史文化名城） 263

Appendix 3 The National 5A Scenic Spots 265

Appendix 4 The National Key Scenic Spots 269

Appendix 5 The National Nature Reserves 276

Appendix 6 The National Forest Parks 286

Appendix 7 The National Geoparks 306

Appendix 8 The National Wetland Parks 310

Appendix 9 National Mine Park 313

Appendix 10 The National Water Conservation Scenic Spots 314

Appendix 11 The List of China's Rare Plants 326

Appendix 12 The List of National First-class Protected Animals 335

Appendix 13 National Second-class Protected Animals 339

Appendix 14 The List of China's Endangered Animals 344

Bibliography 350