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Part A Essentials of English Linguistics 1

A1 Language and linguistics 2

1.1 Language and its design features 2

1.2 Functions of language 2

1.3 Linguistic and important distinctions in it 3

A2 Phonetics and Phonology 4

2.1 Phonetics 4

2.2 The production of speech sounds 4

2.3 Transcription of sounds 12

2.4 Phonology 14

2.5 Suprasegmentals 17

2.6 Coariticulation 21

A3 Morphology 23

3.1 Word 23

3.2 Classification of words 24

3.3 Morpheme 27

3.4 Types of morphemes 29

3.5 Word-formation 31

3.6 Morpho-syntactical change 38

A4 Syntax 40

4.1 The Subject Matter of Syntax：Sentence 40

4.2 The Traditional Approach 43

4.3 The Structural Approach 49

4.4 The Generative Approach 52

A5 Semantics 62

5.1 Introduction 62

5.2 The Meaning of“Meaning” 62

5.3 Word meaning 65

5.4 Sentence meaning 79

A6 Pragmatics 87

6.1 What is pragmatics? 87

6.2 Speech Act Theory 90

6.3 Conversational Principle and Implicature 98

A7 Cognitive Linguistics 107

7.1 Language and Cognition 107

7.2 Cognitive linguistics 107

7.3 Approaches in Cognitive Linguistics 108

7.4 The Basic Concept：Categorization 109

7.5 Other Theories in Cognitive Linguistics 112

7.6 Other Issues in Cognitive Linguistcs 123

A8 Sociolinguistics 124

8.1 Sociolinguistics 124

8.2 Language variation 125

8.3 Language contact 128

8.4 Language plan and policy 130

A9 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 133

9.1 Introduction 133

9.2 The Prague School 134

9.3 The London School 135

9.4 The American Structuralist School 137

9.5 The Transformational-Generative（TG）school 139

9.6 Later Theories 142

Part B Readers of English Linguistics 145

B1 Introduction 146

B1.1 Why Major in Linguistics? 146

B2 Phonetics and Phonology 151

B2.1 Phonetics 151

B2.2 Phonology 155

B2.3 Stess 158

B2.4 Intonation 167

B3 Morphology 175

B3.1 Why do languages have Morphology? 175

B3.2 Affixation 177

B3.3 Infixes 181

B3.4 Inflection vs.derivation revisited 182

B3.5 Lexical semantics 184

B3.6 Types of compounds 188

B3.7 Adopting and adapting words 191

B3.8 Lexical change 193

B4 Syntax 199

B4.1 Syntax 199

B4.2 Systemic-functional grammar 205

B5 Semantics 212

B5.1 Sense/reference/denotation/connotation 212

B5.2 Major sense relations 214

B5.3 Componential Analysis 220

B5.4 Sentence and proposition 225

B5.5 Process,participant and circumstance 227

B6 Pragmatics 233

B6.1 Speech acts 233

B6.2 The Cooperative Principle 238

B6.3 Relevance theory 245

B6.4 Politeness 246

B7 Cognitive Linguistics 254

B7.1 About cognitive linguistics：historical backgound 254

B7.2 The structure of cognitive categories 258

B7.3 From Wittgenstein to Rosch 260

B7.4 Metaphor and cognitive linguistics 263

B7.5 Conceptual metonymy 265

B7.6 Towards a theory of metonymy 266

B8 Sociolinguistics 269

B8.1 What is sociolinguistics? 269

B8.2 Class as a factor in linguistic variation 271

B8.3 Preferential gender differences 274

B8.4 Language and age 275

B8.5 Chinese Pidgin English 281

B9 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 285

B9.1 Historicism 285

B9.2 Structuralism 286

B9.3 Functionalism 288

B9.4 Generativism 289

References 291