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Chapter 1 Language,Linguistics and Lexicology 1

1-1-1 Introductory Remarks 1

1-1-2 A Definition of Language 1

1-1-3 Language,Society and Thought 2

1-2-1 A Definition of Linguistics 4

1-2-2 The Scope of Linguistics 4

1-3-1 What Is Lexicology? 5

1-3-2 Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology 5

1-3-3 The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics 6

1-3-4 Two Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology 7

Chapter 2 The Sources of the English Vocabulary 10

2-1-1 What Is Etymology? 10

2-1-2 The English People and the English Language 10

2-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family 11

2-1-4 The Divisions of the History of the English Language 11

2-1-5 Some Characteristics of Old English 12

2-1-6 Some Characteristics of Middle English 16

2-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English 18

2-1-8 Etymological Twins in English 23

2-1-9 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern English 26

2-2-1 Words of Native Origin 30

2-2-2 Borrowed Words in the English Vocabulary 32

2-3-1 The Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 34

2-3-2 The Scandinavian Element in the English Vocabulary 35

2-3-3 The French Element in the English Vocabulary 36

2-3-4 The Latin Element in the English Vocabulary 39

2-3-5 The Greek Element in the English Vocabulary 42

2-3-6 The Influence of the Classical Elements upon the English Vocabulary 42

2-3-7 Other Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 44

2-3-8 The Interrelation Between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 45

2-3-9 The Linguistic and Historical Origins of Some Common English Words 46

Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic Relations 53

3-1-1 Some General Remarks on Semantics and Meaning 53

3-1-2 The Relationship Between Meaning and the Object 55

3-2-1 What Is a Word? 56

3-2-2 Meaning and Motivation 57

3-3-1 Classifications of Words 58

3-3-2 Main Types of Word Meaning 60

3-3-3 Word Meaning and Context 63

3-4-1 Synonyms 65

3-4-2 Antonyms 70

3-4-3 Polysemy and Homonymy 74

3-4-4 Hyponymy 80

Chapter 4 The Changing English Vocabulary 82

4-1-1 The Constant Change in Language and the Continuous Appearance of Neologisms 82

4-1-2 The Definition of Neologisms or New Words 83

4-1-3 The Rate of Changes of the English Vocabulary 84

4-1-4 The Sources of New Words 84

4-1-5 The Formation of Neologisms 100

4-2-1 Archaisms 109

4-3-1 Changes in Meaning 112

4-3-2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes 114

4-3-3 Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of Words to Their Figurative Use 121

Chapter 5 Word-formation in English 135

5-1-1 Introduction 135

5-1-2 Morphological Structure of Words 135

5-1-3 Two Types of Morphemes 136

5-1-4 Three Types of Words 137

5-1-5 Root,Base,Stem 137

5-2-1 The Main Processes of English Word-formation 143

5-2-2 The Minor Processes of English Word-formation 208

Chapter 6 English Idioms 220

6-1-1 Introduction 220

6-1-2 The Definition of Idioms 220

6-1-3 The Significance of Studying English Idioms 221

6-1-4 The Features of English Idioms 222

6-1-5 English Idioms in Different Styles 225

6-1-6 The Difference Between Idiomatic and Free Phrases 227

6-2-1 Classifications of English Idioms 228

6-2-2 Some Useful Language Areas of Idioms 243

Chapter 7 English Collocations 258

7-1-1 Introduction 258

7-1-2 What Is a Collocation? 258

7-1-3 The Importance of Learning English Collocations 259

7-2-1 The Classification of English Collocations 261

7-2-2 Register Used in English Collocations 274

7-3-1 Some Commonest Words Used in English Collocations 275

7-4-1 Different Subjects of English Collocations 280

7-4-2 Families 280

7-4-3 Houses,Flats and Rooms 282

7-4-4 Food and Drink 288

7-4-5 Study and Learning 289

7-4-6 Fitness and Illness 290

7-4-7 Job and Work 291

7-4-8 Computers 295

7-4-9 Sport 297

7-4-10 Time 300

Chapter 8 British and American English 303

8-1-1 English as a Language of Worldwide Use 303

8-1-2 British and American English 304

8-1-3 The Historical Background of American English 306

8-2-1 Differences between British English and American English 308

8-2-2 Differences in Individual Sounds 308

8-2-3 Differences in Stress 310

8-2-4 Differences in Spelling 310

8-2-5 Differences in Vocabulary 311

8-2-6 Differences in Grammar 320

8-3-1 A Comparison Between Webster's Pronunciation Symbols(WPS)and International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) 323

8-3-2 British and American English in the Future 330

Chapter 9 English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 332

9-1-1 What Is a Dictionary? 332

9-1-2 Characteristics of Dictionaries 334

9-2-1 Types of Dictionaries 335

9-2-2 Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries 335

9-2-3 General and Special Dictionaries 335

9-2-4 Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged Dictionaries 336

9-2-5 Synchronic and Diachronic Dictionaries 337

9-2-6 Encyclopedias and Encyclopedic Dictionaries 337

9-2-7 The Printed and Electronic Dictionaries 338

9-3-1 The History of English Dictionaries 339

9-3-2 A Brief Introduction of Five Newest English Dictionaries 341

9-3-3 Five Periods in the History of English Dictionaries 346

9-4-1 How to Use English Dictionaries 347

Appendix 1 An English-Chinese List of Technical Terms of Lexicology Used in This Book 354

Appendix 2 The Review of a Newest Book 362

Bibliography 363