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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1．What Is Linguistics？ 1

1.1 Definition of Linguistics 1

1.2 Main Branches of Linguistics 2

1.3 Why Study Language？ 5

2．What Is Language？ 6

2.1 Definition of Language 6

2.2 Design Features of Language 8

3．Important Distinctions in Linguistics 11

3.1 Prescriptive Vs.Descriptive 11

3.2 Synchronic Vs.Diachronic 12

3.3 Speech Vs.Writing 13

3.4 Langue Vs.Parole 14

3.5 Competence Vs.Performance 16

Exercises 17

Further Readings 18

Chapter 2 Phonetics 19

1．The Phonic Medium of Language 19

2．Phonetics 20

2.1 What Is Phonetics？ 20

2.2 Organs of Speech 22

2.3 Classification of English Speech Sounds 25

2.4 Broad Transcription and Narrow Transcription 31

Exercises 33

Further Readings 34

Chapter 3 Phonology 35

1．General Introduction to Phonology 35

2．Basic Concepts of Phonology 39

2.1 Phone,Phoneme and Allophone 39

2.2 Phonemic Contrast,Complementary Distribution and Minimal Pair 42

3．Some Phonological Rules 44

3.1 Sequential Rules 44

3.2 Assimilation Rules 45

4．Suprasegmental Features：Stress,Tone and Intonation 47

4.1 Stress 48

4.2 Tone 49

4.3 Intonation 49

Exercises 50

Further Readings 51

Chapter 4 Morphology 52

1．Morphology 52

2．Morphemes 53

3．Types of Morphemes 54

3.1 Free Morphemes 54

3.2 Bound Morphemes 55

4．Allomorph 59

5．Word Formation Rules 60

5.1 Compounding 62

5.2 Derivation 62

5.3 Conversion 63

5.4 Clipping 63

5.5 Initialism 64

5.6 Acronym 64

5.7 Blending 64

5.8 Back-formation 64

Exercises 65

Further Reading 66

Chapter 5 Syntax 67

1．Syntactic Categories 67

2．Combinational Rules 68

3．Sentence Structure 71

3.1 The Structural Approach and IC Analysis 71

3.2 Advantages and Problems of IC Analysis 72

3.3 Transformational-generative Grammar 75

4．Universal Grammar 84

4.1The Observational Basis of UG 84

4.2 General Principles of UG 85

4.3 General Parameters of UG 89

Exercises 93

Further Readings 94

Chapter 6 Semantics 95

1．General Introduction 95

2．Approaches to Semantics 97

2.1 The Naming Theory 97

2.2 The Conceptualist Theory 99

2.3 Contextualism 101

2.4 Behaviorism 103

3．Lexical Meaning 105

3.1 Sense and Reference 105

3.2 Major Semantic Relationships between Words 107

4．Sentence Meaning 117

5．Analysis of Meaning 119

5.1 Componential Analysis—a Way to Analyze Lexical Meaning 119

5.2 Predication Analysis—a Way to Analyze Sentence Meaning 120

Exercises 123

Further Readings 123

Chapter 7 Pragmatics 125

1．What Is Pragmatics？ 125

2．Context 126

3．Presupposition 128

4．Speech Acts 131

5．Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implications 136

6．Deixis 141

7．Politeness Principle 142

Exercises 145

Further Readings 146

Chapter 8 Language and Society 147

1．Speech Community 147

2．Relationships between Language and Society 149

3．Language Varieties 152

3.1 Dialects 154

3.2 Register 168

3.3 Mixture of Varieties 169

Exercises 174

Further Readings 175

Chapter 9 Language and Culture 176

1．General Introduction 176

1.1 The Relationship between Language and Culture 176

1.2 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 178

2．Cross-cultural Communication 180

2.1 Meaning as Sign 180

2.2 Cultural Clash 182

2.3 Stereotype 185

Exercises 187

Further Readings 188

Chapter 10 Language and Acquisition 189

1．First Language Aquisition 189

1.1 The Behaviorist Perspective 190

1.2 The Innatist Perspective 192

1.3 A Social Interactionist Perspective 195

2．Second Language Aquisition 197

2.1 Connections between FIA and SLA 197

2.2 Errors and Error Analysis 199

2.3 Interlanguage 201

2.4 Input Hypothesis 203

2.5 Individual Differences 205

2.6 Approaches and Methods to Second Language Teaching 210

Exercises 220

Further Readings 221

Chapter 11 Cognitive Linguistics 223

1．Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics 223

2．Three Main Ways of Approaching Language in Cognitive Linguistics 225

3．Categories and Categorization 227

3.1 Classical Model of Categorization 229

3.2 Prototype Theory of Categorization 231

4．Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy 233

4.1 Conceptual Metaphor 233

4.2 Conceptual Metonymy 236

5．Iconicity 239

6．Grammaticalization 242

Exercises 244

Further Readings 245

Chapter 12 Computer and Linguistics 247

1．Rationalism and Empiricism in Linguistic Research 247

2．Corpus Linguistics,Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing 249

3．Types of Corpora 251

4．Data Analysis in Corpus Linguistics 254

5．Corpus-driven Approach Vs.Corpusbased Approach 260

Exercises 262

Further Readings 263

References 264