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Unit 1 Introduction:Translation and Translation Techniques 概论：翻译与翻译技巧 1

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 1

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 2

Ⅰ.Important Role of Translation 翻译的重要作用 4

Ⅱ.Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围 6

Ⅲ.Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准 7

Ⅳ.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译 8

Ⅴ.Translation Techniques 翻译技巧种种 12

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 13

Unit 2 Diction 遣词用字 17

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 17

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 18

Ⅰ.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次上的对等关系 22

1.Word-for-Word Correspondence 词字对等 22

2.One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning 多词同义 22

3.One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings 一词多义 22

4.Equivalents Interwoven with One Another 词义交织 23

5.Words without Equivalents 无对等词语 23

Ⅱ.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法 24

1.Judging from the Word Formation 根据构词法辨别词义 24

2.Judging from the References 根据指代关系辨别词义 24

3.Judging from the Context and Collocation 根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义 25

4.Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义 26

Ⅲ.Techniques of Translating a Given English Word 英语词语翻译技巧 27

1.Deduction 推演法 27

2.Transplant 移植法 27

3.Extension 引伸法 28

4.Substitution 替代法 28

5.Explanation 释义法 28

6.Combination 合并法 28

7.Transliteration 音译法 29

8.Pictographic Translation 图形法 29

Ⅳ.Diction in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的选词用字 29

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 31

Unit 3 Amplification 增词法 35

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 35

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 36

Ⅰ.Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 增词法在英汉翻译中的运用 40

1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original 增添原文所省略的词语 40

2.Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives 增添必要的连接词语 40

3.Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 用增词法表达出复数概念 40

4.Amplification by Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear 用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚 41

5.Amplification by Logical Thinking 逻辑性增词 41

6.Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization 概括性增词 41

7.Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence 从修辞和连贯角度考虑增词 42

8.Amplification by Repetition 重复性增词 42

Ⅱ.Amplification in Chinese-English Translation 增词法在汉英翻译中的运用 42

1.Amplifying by Adding Necessary Pronouns 增添必要的代词 42

2.Amplifying by Adding Necessary Articles 增添必要的冠词 43

3.Amplifying by Adding Necessary Connectives 增添必要的连接词语 43

4.Amplifying by Adding Necessary Prepositions 增添必要的介词 43

5.Amplifying by Adding Necessary Background Words 增添必要的背景词语 43

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 44

Unit 4 Omission省略法 47

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 47

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 48

Ⅰ.Omission in English-Chinese Translation 省略法在英汉翻译中的运用 51

1.Omission of the Pronoun 代词的省略 51

2.Omission of the Article 冠词的省略 52

3.Omission of the Preposition 介词的省略 52

4.Omission of the Conjunction 连词的省略 52

5.Omission of the Verb 动词的省略 53

6.Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun“It"非人称代词“It”的省略 53

Ⅱ.Omission in Chinese-English Translation 省略法在汉英翻译中的运用 53

1.Omission of Redundant Words 省略冗词赘语 54

2.Omission of Words of Conceptual Category 省略概念范畴类词语 54

3.Omission of Meticulous Description 省略过详的细节描述 54

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 55

Unit 5 Conversion 转换 59

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 59

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 60

Ⅰ.Conversion in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉的常用词类转换形式 62

1.Conversion into Verbs 转换成动词 63

2.Conversion into Nouns 转换成名词 64

3.Conversion into Adjectives 转换成形容词 65

4.Conversion into Adverbs 转换成副词 66

5.Conversion of Sentence Elements 句子成分的转换 66

Ⅱ.Conversion in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的词类转换 67

1.Verbs Converted into Other Parts of Speech 汉语动词转换成其他词类 67

2.Conversion between Other Parts of Speech 其他词类的相互转换 68

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 69

Unit 6 Restructuring 结构调整 73

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 73

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 74

Ⅰ.Different Word Order in English and Chinese 英汉语言的词序差异 77

1.Interrogative inversion 疑问倒装 78

2.Imperative inversion 命令倒装 78

3.Exclamatory inversion 惊叹倒装 78

4.Hypothetical inversion 假设倒装 78

5.Balance inversion 平衡倒装 78

6.Link inversion 衔接倒装 78

7.Signpost inversion 点题倒装 78

8.Negative inversion 否定倒装 79

9.Metrical inversion 韵律倒装 79

Ⅱ.Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的结构调整 79

1.Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations 不同的词语习惯表达顺序 79

2.Different Sequences in Customary Sentence Arrangement 不同的句式安排顺序 80

3.Adverbial Clauses in a Complex Sentence 复合句中的状语从句 80

4.Cases Involving Adverbials状语的词序调整 80

5."That-"Clause Used as a Judgment or Conclusion 作为判断或结论的“That-”从句的结构调整 81

Ⅲ.Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的结构调整 81

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 82

Unit 7 The Passive Voice 被动语态 85

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 85

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 86

Ⅰ.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的被动语态 90

1.The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice 被动语态转为主动语态 90

2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectless Sentence 被动语态转为无主句 91

3.The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged 被动语态保持不变 91

4.The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他结构代替 92

Ⅱ.The Passive Structures in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的被动结构 92

1.Chinese Sentences with Passive Labels 带有被动标签的汉语句子 93

2.Chinese Sentences without Passive Labels 不带被动标签的汉语句子 93

3.Chinese"Active"Structures Converted into English Passive Structures 汉语“主动”结构转为英语被动结构 94

4.Translation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressions 一些汉语习惯表达法的译法 94

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 95

Unit 8 Affirmative vs.Negative 肯定与否定 99

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 99

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 100

Ⅰ.Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替 103

1.Affirmative in English,but Negative in Chinese 英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 103

2.Negative in English,but Affirmative in Chinese 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 104

3.Same English Word,with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese 同一英语词语，既可译作肯定，又可译作否定 105

4.Double Negative for Emphasis 强调性的双重否定 105

5.Roundabout Affirmative 间接的肯定结构 105

6.Some Traps in Negative Structures 否定的陷阱 106

Ⅱ.Negation in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的正反交替 107

1.Negation According to Usage 根据英语的习惯用法译作肯定或否定 107

2.Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect 从强调或从修辞角度考虑译作肯定或否定 108

3.Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning 为表达出原文的确切意思译作肯定或否定 108

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 108

Unit 9 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句 113

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 113

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 114

Ⅰ.Translation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译 117

1.Subject Clauses 主语从句 117

2.Object Clauses 宾语从句 117

3.Predicative Clauses 表语从句 118

4.Appositive Clauses 同位语从句 118

Ⅱ.Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences 汉语复句的翻译 120

1.Sentence Combination 句子的合并 120

2.Sentence Sequence 句序 121

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 122

Unit 10 Attributive Clause 定语从句 127

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 127

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 128

Ⅰ.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures 英汉定语结构的对比 131

Ⅱ.Restrictive Attributive Clauses 限定性定语从句 132

1.Combination 合并法 132

2.Division 分译法 133

3.Mixture 混合法 133

Ⅲ.Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses 非限定性定语从句 134

1.Division 分译法 134

2.Combination 合并法 135

Ⅳ.Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials 兼有状语功能的定语从句 136

1.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause 译作汉语原因状语从句 136

2.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result 译作汉语结果状语从句 137

3.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Concession 译作汉语让步状语从句 137

4.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Conditiion 译作汉语条件状语从句 137

5.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 译作汉语目的状语从句 138

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 138

Unit 11 Adverbial Clauses 状语从句 143

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 143

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 144

Ⅰ.Adverbial Clauses in English-Chinese Translation 英语状语从句的翻译 146

1.Adverbial Clauses of Time 时间状语从句 147

2.Adverbial Clauses of Place 地点状语从句 148

3.Adverbial Clauses of Cause 原因状语从句 148

4.Adverbial Clauses of Condition 条件状语从句 149

5.Adverbial Clauses of Concession 让步状语从句 149

6.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 目的状语从句 150

Ⅱ.Translation of Adverbial Clauses in Chinese 汉语状语从句的翻译 150

1.Analysis of Subordination 分清主次关系 150

2.Using Inanimate Subjects 使用无灵主语 151

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 151

Unit 12 Long Sentences 长句的翻译 155

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 155

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 156

Ⅰ.Long Sentences in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的长句处理 158

1.Two Stages and Five Steps in Translating a Long Sentence 长句翻译的两个阶段和五个步骤 159

2.Sample Analysis 实例分析 159

Ⅱ.Long Sentences in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的长句处理 161

Ⅲ.Methods of Translating Long English Sentences 英文长句的翻译方法 163

1.Embedding 内嵌法 163

2.Cutting 切分法 164

3.Reversing 倒置法 165

4.Splitting 拆分法 165

5.Inserting 插入法 166

6.Recasting 重组法 167

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 168

Unit 13 English for Science and Technology 科技英语的翻译 173

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 173

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 174

Ⅰ.Formation of English Technical Terms 英语技术词语的构成 177

1.Affixation 缀合法 177

2.Compounding 复合法 178

3.Blending 缩合法 178

4.Acronym 首字母缩略 179

5.Proper Nouns 专有名词 180

Ⅱ.Characteristic Syntax of EST 科技英语的句法特点 180

1.More Long and Complicated Sentences 大量使用长句 180

2.More Nominalization 大量使用名词化结构 181

3.Extensive Use of the Passive Voice 习惯使用被动语态 182

4.More Non-Finite Forms of the Verb 大量使用非限定动词 183

5.Different Uses of the Tense 时态的不同用法 183

6.The Post-Position of the Attributive 习惯使用后置定语 183

Ⅲ.Methods Employed in the Translation of EST 科技英语的翻译方法 184

1.Expanding the Noun Phrase into a Separate Clause 将名词性短语扩展成汉语句子 184

2.Converting the Noun Phrase into a Verb-Object Structure 将名词性短语转换成动宾结构 184

3.Converting Attributive Elements into Independent Sentences,Adverbial Clauses,etc.将定语成分转换为独立句、状语从句等 185

4.Converting the Passive into the Active 将被动转换为主动 185

5.Suppiementing Some Necessary Words 补充必要的词语 185

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 186

Unit 14 Translation of Documentation 文献的翻译 189

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 189

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 190

Ⅰ.Translation of Contracts and Agreements 合同与协议的翻译 193

Ⅱ.Translation of Proposals,Reports and Reviews 建议、报告与评论的翻译 195

Ⅲ.Translation of Patents and Trademarks 专利与商标的翻译 198

Ⅳ.Translation of Copyright Documents 版权文献的翻译 199

Ⅴ.Translation of Bid-Documents 招标文献的翻译 200

Ⅵ.Translation of Abstracts,Indexes and Bibliographies 摘要、索引与文献目录的翻译 202

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 206

Unit 15 Application Documents for Studying Abroad 出国留学申请的翻译 211

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 211

Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练 212

Ⅰ.Asking for Application Forms for Admission 索要入学申请表 213

Ⅱ.Graduation Certification 毕业证明的翻译 214

Ⅲ.Resume and Covering Letter 个人简历及附信的翻译 215

Ⅳ.Letters of Recommendation 推荐信的翻译 219

Ⅴ.Personal Statement 自我陈述的翻译 220

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 224

Unit 16 Comprehensive Abilities through Comparative Studies 通过比较研究培养翻译综合能力 229

Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述 229

Ⅰ.Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages from a Macroscopic View Point 英汉语言宏观对比 230

1.Synthetic vs.Analytic 综合性语与分析性语 230

2.Compact vs.Diffusive 紧凑与松散 231

3.Hypotactic vs.Paratactic 形合与意合 231

4.Complex vs.Simplex 繁复与简单 232

5.Impersonal vs.Personal 物称与人称 232

6.Passive vs.Active 被动与主动 233

7.Static vs.Dynamic 静态与动态 233

8.Abstract vs.Concrete 抽象与具体 233

9.Indirect vs.Direct 间接与直接 234

10.Substitutive vs.Repetitive 替换与重复 234

Ⅱ.Practical Abilities Attained from Translation Studies and Criticism 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力 234

1.Language Sensibility 语感能力 235

2.Contextual Analysis 语境分析能力 237

3.Logical Thinking 逻辑思维能力 239

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习 242

Appendix A Translation Exercises for Independent Work 英汉互译独立作业练习 247

Appendix B Keys to Practical Translation Training and Exercises 实用翻译训练及练习参考答案 273

Appendix C Keys to Translation Exercises for Independent Work 英汉互译独立作业练习参考译文 331

Appendix D Bibliography 参考书目 357