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1．1 WHY STUDY DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1．2 DATA COMMUNICATION 2

Components 3

1．3 NETWORKS 4

Distributed Processing 4

Network Criteria 5

Applications 6

1．4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 7

Protocols 7

Standards 8

1．5 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 9

Standards Creation Committees 9

Forums 12

Regulatory Agencies 13

1．6 STUCTURE OF THE BOOK 13

1．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 13

1．8 SUMMARY 14

Review Questions 15

1．9 PRACTICE SET 15

Multiple Choice Questions 16

Exercises 18

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21

Point-to Point 21

2．1 LINE CONFIGURATION 21

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21

2．2 TOPOLOGY 22

Multipoint 22

Mesh 23

Tree 25

Star 25

Bus 26

Ring 27

2．3 TRANSMISSION MODE 28

Hybrid Topologies 28

Half-Duplex 29

Full-Duplex 29

Simplex 29

2．4 CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS 30

Local Area Network (LAN) 30

Wide Area Network (WAN) 32

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 32

2．5 INTERNETWORKS 33

2．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 34

2．7 SUMMARY 34

2．8 PRACTICE SET 35

Review Questions 35

Multiple Choice Questions 36

Exercises 38

Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43

3．1 THE MODEL 43

Layered Architecture 43

Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43

3．2 FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS 47

Physical Layer 47

Data Link Layer 48

Network Layer 49

Transport Layer 50

Session Layer 53

Presentation Layer 54

Application Layer 55

Summary of Layer Functions 56

3．3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 56

3．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 57

3．5 SUMMARY 58

3．6 PRACTICE SET 59

Review Questions 59

Multiple Choice Questions 59

Exercises 63

Chapter 4 Signals 65

4．1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL 65

Chapter 4 Signals 65

4．2 PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNALS 66

Analog and Digital Signals 66

Analog and Digital Data 66

Periodic Signals 67

Aperiodic Signals 67

Simple Analog Signals 68

4．3 ANALOG SIGNALS 68

4．4 TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS 73

4．5 COMPOSITE SIGNALS 75

Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth 76

4．6 DIGITAL SIGNALS 79

Decomposition of a Digital Signal 80

4．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 81

4．8 SUMMARY 82

4．9 PRACTICE SET 83

Review Questions 83

Multiple Choice Questions 84

Exercises 87

Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91

Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91

Unipolar 92

5．1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 92

Polar 94

Bipolar 97

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 102

5．2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 102

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 103

Sampling Rate 104

How Many Bits per Sample? 106

Bit Rate 107

5．3 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION 107

Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion 108

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 109

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 111

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 113

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 116

Bit/Baud Comparison 118

5．4 ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION 120

Amplitude Modulation (AM) 121

Frequency Modulation (FM) 122

Phase Modulation (PM) 125

5．5 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 125

5．6 SUMMARY 126

5．7 PRACTICE SET 127

Review Questions 127

Multiple Choice Questions 128

Exercises 133

Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139

6．1 DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 139

Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139

Parallel Transmission 140

Serial Transmission 141

6．2 DTE-DCE INTERFACE 143

Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) 144

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 144

Standards 145

EIA-232 Interfac 145

6．3 OTHER INTERFACE STANDARDS 152

EIA-449 153

EIA-530 157

X.21 158

6．4 MODEMS 159

Transmission Rate 160

Modem Standards 164

6．5 56K MODEMS 171

Traditional Modems 171

56K Modems 172

Downloading 174

6．6 CABLE MODEM 174

Why Only 56 Kbps? 174

6．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 175

Uploading 175

6．8 SUMMARY 176

6．9 PRACTICE SET 177

Review Questions 177

Multiple Choice Questions 179

Exercises 185

Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187

Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187

7．1 GUIDED MEDIA 188

Twisted-Pair Cable 188

Coaxial Cable 192

Optical Fiber 193

7．2 UNGUIDED MEDIA 200

Radio Frequency Allocation 200

Propagation of Radio Waves 200

Terrestrial Microwave 205

Satellite Communication 206

Cellular Telephony 208

7．3 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT 211

Attenuation 211

Distortion 213

Noise 213

7．4 PERFORMANCE 214

Throughput 214

Propagation Speed 215

Propagation Time 215

7．5 WAVELENGTH 215

7．6 SHANNON CAPACITY 216

7．7 MEDIA COMPARISON 217

7．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 218

7．9 SUMMARY 220

7．10 PRACTICE SET 222

Review Questions 222

Multiple Choice Questions 223

Exercises 230

Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231

8．1 MANY TO ONE/ONE TO MANY 231

Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231

8．2 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 232

8．3 WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) 235

8．4 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) 236

Inverse Multiplexing 244

8．5 MULTIPLEXING APPLICATION: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM 245

Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies 245

Analog Services 246

Digital Services 248

8．6 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) 254

ADSL 254

RADSL 255

HDSL 256

SDSL 256

VDSL 256

8．7 FTTC 257

FTTC in the Telephone Network 257

FTTC in the Cable TV Network 257

8．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 258

8．9 SUMMARY 259

Review Questions 261

8．10 PRACTICE SET 261

Multiple Choice Questions 262

Exercises 266

Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273

9．1 TYPES OF ERRORS 273

Single-Bit Error 273

Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273

Burst Error 274

9．2 DETECTION 275

Redundancy 275

9．3 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC) 277

9．4 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC) 279

9．5 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC) 280

Performance 284

9．6 CHECKSUM 284

9．7 ERROR CORRECTION 287

Single-Bit Error Correction 287

Hamming Code 289

Burst Error Correction 291

9．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 292

9．9 SUMMARY 293

9．10 PRACTICE SET 294

Review Questions 294

Multiple Choice Questions 294

Exercises 298

Chapter 10 Data Link Control 301

Chapter 10 Data Link Control 301

10．1 LINE DISCIPLINE 302

ENQ/ACK 302

Poll/Select 304

10．2 FLOW CONTROL 306

Stop-and-Wait 308

Sliding Window 308

10．3 ERROR CONTROL 312

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 312

Stop-and-Wait ARQ 312

Sliding Window ARQ 315

10．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 321

10．5 SUMMARY 321

10．6 PRACTICE SET 322

Review Questions 322

Multiple Choice Questions 323

Exercises 326

Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols 329

Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols 329

11．1 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 330

XMODEM 330

BLAST 331

Kermit 331

YMODEM 331

ZMODEM 331

11．2 SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 332

11．3 CHARACTER-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 332

Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC) 333

BSC Frames 334

Data Transparency 337

11．4 BIT-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 339

HDLC 340

Frames 342

More about Frames 349

Examples 353

11．5 LINK ACCESS PROCEDURES 357

LAPB 357

LAPD 358

LAPM 358

11．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 358

11．7 SUMMARY 359

11．8 PRACTICE SET 360

Review Questions 360

Multiple Choice Questions 361

Exercises 364

12．1 PROJECT 802 369

Chapter 12 Local Area Networks 369

Chapter 12 Local Area Networks 369

IEEE 802.1 370

MAC 371

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) 371

LLC 371

12．2 ETHERNET 372

Access Method: CSMA /CD 373

Addressing 374

Electrical Specification 374

Frame Format 374

Implementation 376

Switched Ethernet 380

12．3 OTHER ETHERNET NETWORKS 380

Fast Ethernet 382

Gigabit Ethernet 384

12．4 TOKEN BUS 385

12．5 TOKEN RING 386

Access Method: Token Passing 386

Addressing 388

Electrical Specification 388

Frame Formats 388

Implementation 391

12．6 FDDI 393

Access Method: Token Passing 393

Addressing 395

Electrical Specification 396

Frame Format 397

Implementation: Physical Medium Dcpendent (PMD) Layer 399

12．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 401

12．7 COMPARISON 401

12．9 SUMMARY 402

12．10 PRACTICE SET 404

Review Questions 404

Multiple Choice Questions 405

Exercises 409

Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks 413

Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks 413

13．1 IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) 413

Access Method: Dual Bus 413

Distributed Queues 416

Ring Configuration 418

Operation: DQDB Layers 419

Implementation 420

13．2 SMDS 421

SMDS Architecture 421

Features 423

13．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 424

13．4 SUMMARY 424

13．5 PRACTICE SET 425

Review Questions 425

Multiple Choice Questions 425

Exercises 427

Chapter 14 Switching 431

Chapter 14 Switching 431

14．1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING 432

Space-Division Switches 434

Time-Division Switches 436

TDM Bus 438

Space-and Time-Division Switching Combinations 439

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 440

14．2 PACKET SWITCHING 441

Datagram Approach 442

Virtual Circuit Approach 443

Circuit-Switched Connection versus Virtual-Circuit Connection 444

14．3 MESSAGE SWITCHING 446

14．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 447

14．5 SUMMARY 448

14．6 PRACTICE SET 449

Review Questions 449

Multiple Choice Questions 450

Exercises 452

Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 455

15．1 TRANSITION STATES 455

Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 455

Physical Layer 456

15．2 PPPLAYERS 456

Data Link Layer 457

LCP Packets 458

15．3 LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL (LCP) 458

Options 460

15．4 AUTHENTICATION 460

PAP 460

CHAP 461

15．5 NETWORK CONTROL PROTOCOL (NCP) 462

IPCP 463

Other Protocols 464

15．6 AN EXAMPLE 464

15．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 465

15．8 SUMMARY 466

15．9 PRACTICE SET 466

Review Questions 466

Multiple Choice Questions 467

Exercises 469

Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 471

16．1 SERVICES 471

Bearer Services 471

Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 471

Teleservices 471

Supplementary Services 472

16．2 HISTORY 472

Voice Communication over Analog Networks 472

Voice and Data Communication over Analog Networks 472

Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers 473

Integrated Digital Network (IDN) 473

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 474

16．3 SUBSCRIBER ACCESS TO THE ISDN 475

B Channels 476

D Channels 476

H Channels 476

User Interfaces 476

Functional Grouping 478

Reference Points 480

16．4 THE ISDN LAYERS 481

Physical Layer 482

Data Link Layer 487

Network Layer 488

16．5 BROADBAND ISDN 492

Services 493

Physical Specifications 494

16．6 FUTURE OF ISDN 495

16．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 496

16．8 SUMMARY 497

16．9 PRACTICE SET 498

Review Questions 498

Multiple Choice Questions 499

Exercises 503

Chapter 17 X.25 505

Chapter 17 X.25 505

17．1 X.25 LAYERS 506

Physical Layer 506

Frame Layer 506

Packet Layer 508

PLP Packets 510

X.121 Protocol 516

Triple-X Protocols 516

17．2 OTHER PROTOCOLS RELATED TO X.25 516

17．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 517

17．4 SUMMARY 518

17．5 PRACTICE SET 518

Review Questions 518

Multiple Choice Questions 519

Exercises 522

Chapter 18 Frame Relay 525

18．1 INTRODUCTION 525

Chapter 18 Frame Relay 525

Advantages 528

Disadvantages 528

18．2 FRAME RELAY OPER ATION 529

Role of Frame Relay 529

Virtual Circuits 530

DLCIs Inside the Network 532

Switches 532

18．3 FRAME RELAY LAYERS 533

Data Link Layer 534

Physical Layer 534

18．4 CONGESTION CONTROL 535

Congestion Avoidance 536

Discarding 537

18．5 LEAKY BUCKET ALGORITHM 537

18．6 TRAFFIC CONTROL 540

Access Rate 541

Committed Burst Size 541

Committed Information Rate 541

Excess Burst Size 542

User Rate 542

18．7 OTHER FEATURES 543

Extended Address 543

FRADs 543

VOFR 544

LMI 544

18．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 544

18．9 SUMMARY 545

18．10 PRACTICE SET 545

Review Questions 545

Multiple Choice Questions 546

Exercises 550

Chapter 19 ATM 553

19．1 DESIGN GOALS 553

Chapter 19 ATM 553

Packet Networks 554

Mixed Network Traffic 554

Cell Networks 555

Asynchronous TDM 556

19．2 ATM ARCHITECTURE 557

Virtual Connection 557

Identifiers 558

Cells 559

Connection Establishment and Relcase 559

19．3 SWITCHING 561

VP Switch 561

VPC Switch 562

19．4 SWITCH FABRICS 563

Crossbar Switch 563

Knockout Switch 563

Banyan Switch 563

Batcher-Banyan Switch 565

19．5 ATM LAYERS 566

Application Adaptation Layer (AAL) 566

ATM Layer 573

Physical Layer 575

19．6 SERVICE CLASSES 576

Quality of Service (Qos) 577

Traffic Descriptors 578

19．7 ATM APPLICATIONS 578

ATM WANs 578

ATM LANs 579

19．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 581

19．9 SUMMARY 582

19．10 PRACTICE SET 583

Review Questions 583

Multiple Choice Questions 584

Exercises 589

Chapter 20 SONET/SDH 593

Chapter 20 SONET/SDH 593

20．1 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALS 594

20．2 PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION 595

SONET Devices 595

Sections, Lines, and Paths 596

20．3 SONET LAYERS 597

Photonic Layer 597

Section Layer 597

Line Layer 597

Device-Layer Relationships 598

Path Layer 598

20．4 SONET FRAME 598

Frame Format 599

Section Overhead 600

Line Overhead 601

Path Overhead 602

Virtual Tributaries 603

Types of VTs 603

20．5 MULTIPLEXING STS FRAMES 604

ATM Convergence to SONET/SDH 605

20．6 APPLICATIONS 606

20．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 606

20．8 SUMMARY 607

20．9 PRACTICE SET 607

Review Questions 607

Multiple Choice Questions 608

Exercises 611

Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices 613

Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices 613

21．1REPEATERS 614

Not an Amplifier 615

21．2 BRIDGES 616

Types of Bridges 618

Birdges Connecting Different LANs 620

21．3 ROUTERS 620

Routing Concepts 622

21．4 GATEWAYS 624

21．5 OTHER DEVICES 625

Multiprotocol Routers 625

Brouters 625

Switches 627

Routing Switches 627

21．6 ROUTING ALGORITHMS 628

21．7 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING 628

Sharing Information 628

Routing Table 630

21．8 LINK STATE ROUTING 633

Information Sharing 633

The Dijkstra Algorithm 637

21．9 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 640

21．10 SUMMARY 640

21．11 PRACTICE SET 641

Review Questions 641

Multiple Choice Questions 642

Exercises 645

Chapter 22 Transport Layer 649

Chapter 22 Transport Layer 649

22．1 DUTIES OF THE TRANSPORT LAYER 650

End-to-End Delivery 650

Addressing 651

Reliable Delivery 652

Flow Control 655

Multiplexing 657

22．2 CONNECTION 658

Connection Establishment 658

Connection Termination 659

22．3 THE OSI TRANSPORT PROTOCOL 659

Transport Classes 659

Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU) 660

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services 661

22．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 662

22．5 SUMMARY 663

22．6 PRACTICE SET 664

Review Questions 664

Multiple Choice Questions 664

Exercises 666

Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers 669

23．1 SESSION LAYER 669

Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers 669

Session and Transport Interaction 670

Synchronization Points 671

Session Protocol Data Unit 672

23．2 PRESENTATION LAYER 673

Translation 673

Encryption/Decryption 675

Authentication 685

Data Compression 686

23．3 APPLICATION LAYER 688

Message Handling System (MHS) 688

File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) 690

Virtual Terminal (VT) 691

Directory Services (DS) 692

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 693

23．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 695

23．5 SUMMARY 696

23．6 PRACTICE SET 697

Review Questions 697

Multiple Choice Questions 698

Exercises 702

Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 705

Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 705

24．1 OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP 705

TCP/IP and the Internet 705

TCP/IP and OSI 706

Encapsulation 706

24．2 NETWORK LAYER 707

Internetwork Protocol (IP) 707

24．3 ADDRESSING 710

Classes 710

Dotted-Decimal Notation 711

Nodes with More Than One Address 713

A Sample Internet 714

24．4 SUBNETTING 714

Three Levels of Hierarchy 716

Masking 716

Finding the Subnetwork Address 717

24．5 OTHER PROTOCOLS IN THE NETWORK LAYER 719

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 719

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 720

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 721

Internet Group Message Protocol (ICMP) 721

24．6 TRANSPORT LAYER 721

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 722

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 723

24．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 725

24．8 SUMMARY 726

24．9 PRACTICE SET 727

Review Questions 727

Multiple Choice Questions 728

Exercises 731

Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer 737

Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer 737

25．1 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL 737

Client 738

Server 738

BOOTP 739

DHCP 739

25．2 BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP) AND DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP) 739

25．3 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) 740

DNS in the Internet 740

25．4 TELNET 742

Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 745

25．5 FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) 745

25．6 TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (TFTP) 746

25．7 SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP) 747

User Agent (UA) 749

Addresses 749

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) 749

Post Office Protocol (POP) 750

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 750

25．8 SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) 752

Concept 752

SMI 753

MIB 753

SNMP 754

25．9 HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) 755

HTTP Transaction 755

Messages 756

Request Messages 756

Response Message 756

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 756

Hypertext And Hypermedia 758

Browser Architecture 758

25．10 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) 758

Static Documents 760

HTML 760

Dynamic Documents 762

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 763

Active Documents 764

Java 765

25．11 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 765

25．12 SUMMARY 766

25．13 PRACTICE SET 768

Review Questions 768

Multiple Choice Questions 769

Exercises 775

Appendix A ASCII Code 777

Appendix A ASCII Code 777

Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 782

Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 782

B．1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS 782

Decimal Numbers 783

Binary Numbers 783

Octal Numbers 784

Hexadecimal Numbers 785

B．2 TRANSFORMATION 786

From Other Systems to Decimal 787

From Decimal to Other Systems 788

From Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal 788

From Octal or Hexadecimal to Binary 789

Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers 790

Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers 790

C．1 UNSIGNED NUMBERS 790

C．2 SIGNED NUMBERS 791

Sign-and-Magnitude 791

One s Complement 793

Two s Complement 794

Finding the Complement 795

C．3 MORE ABOUT ONE S COMPLEMENT 795

Adding Two Numbers 796

Appendix D Fourier Analysis 798

Appendix D Fourier Analysis 798

D．1 FOURIER SERIES 799

D．2 FOURIER TRANSFORM 801

Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection 802

E．1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES 802

XOR Gate 802

Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection 802

Shift Register 803

NOT Gate 803

E．2 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC) 804

VRC Generator 804

VRC Checker 804

E．3 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC) 805

LRC Generator 805

LRC Checker 805

E．4 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC) 806

The CRC Generator 806

The CRC Checker 806

Appendix F Huffman Encoding 809

Appendix F Huffman Encoding 809

F．1 CHAPACTER TREE 810

F．2 ASSIGNING THE CODES 813

F．3 DECODING 814

Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method 815

Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method 815

G．1 COMPRESSION 815

Dictionary 815

Buffer 816

Compression Algorithm 816

Example of Compression 817

G．2 DECOMPRESSION 818

Dictionary 818

Buffers 819

Decompression Algorithm 819

Decompression Example 819

Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6 822

Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6 822

H．1 IPv6 823

IPv6 Addresses 823

IPv6 Packet Format 828

H．2 ICMPv6 833

Appendix I Spanning Tree 835

I．1 SPANNING TREES AND BRIDGES 835

Appendix I Spanning Tree 835

Algorithm 837

Forming the Spanning Tree 838

Example 838

I．2 SPANNING TREES AND MULTICAST ROUTING 840

References 841

References 841

Glossary 843

Glossary 843

Index 877

Index 877