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1 Your Future and Computer Competency 2

Information Systems 4

People 6

Software 7

System Software 7

Application Software 7

Hardware 9

Types of Computers 9

Microcomputer Hardware 10

Data 12

Connectivity and the Internet 13

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 14

VISUAL SUMMARY 16

KEY TERMS 18

CHAPTER REVIEW 18

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 21

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 22

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 23

2 Application Software 24

Help 26

Menus 26

Toolbars 26

General-Purpose Applications 26

Windows 26

Word Processors 28

Features 28

Case 29

Spreadsheets 30

Features 30

Case 31

Database Management Systems 32

Features 32

Case 33

Features 34

Presentation Graphics 34

Case 35

Software Suites 36

Object Linking and Embedding 36

Case 36

Integrated Packages 38

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 39

VISUAL SUMMARY 40

KEY TERMS 43

CHAPTER REVIEW 43

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 45

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 46

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 47

3 Browsers,Information Managers,Operating Systems,and Utilities 48

Browsers 50

Navigating the Web 50

Finding Information 51

Communicating 51

Personal Information Managers 52

Calendar 53

Contacts 53

Tasks 54

System Software 54

Windows 55

Operating Systems 55

Mac OS 56

Unix 57

Utilities 58

Windows Utilities 58

Utility Suites 60

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 61

VISUAL SUMMARY 62

KEY TERMS 64

CHAPTER REVIEW 64

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 66

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 67

4 The System Unit 68

Electronic Data and Instructions 70

Binary Coding Schemes 70

System Board 72

Microprocessor 73

Control Unit 73

Arithmetic-Logic Unit 73

Microprocessor Chips 73

Memory 74

RAM 74

CMOS 76

ROM 76

System Clock 77

Expansion Slots and Cards 77

Making IT Work for You:TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips 78

Bus Lines 80

Ports and Cables 81

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 83

VISUAL SUMMARY 84

KEY TERMS 87

CHAPTER REVIEW 87

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 89

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 90

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 91

5 Input and Output 92

Input:Keyboard versus Direct Entry 94

Keyboard Entry 94

Keyboards 94

Terminals 95

Direct Entry 96

Pointing Devices 96

Scanning Devices 98

Voica-Input Devices 102

Making IT Work for You:Voice Recognition Systems and Dictating a Paper 102

Standards 105

Output:Monltors,Printers,Plotters,Voice 105

Monitors 105

Cathode-Ray Tubes 106

Flat-Panel Monitors 106

Printers 107

Ink-Jet Printer 107

Laser Printer 107

Thermal Printer 108

Other Printers 108

Electrostatic Plotter 109

Ink-Jet Plotter 109

Pen Plotter 109

Plotters 109

Direct-Imaging Plotter 110

Voice-Output Devices 110

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 111

VISUAL SUMMARY 112

KEY TERMS 115

CHAPTER REVIEW 115

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 118

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 118

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 119

6 Secondary Storage 120

Floppy Disks 122

Today s Standard 122

Tommorrow s Standard Floppy Disk 122

The Parts of a Floppy Disk 123

Hard Disks 124

Internal Hard Disk 124

Hard-Disk Cartridges 125

Hard-Disk Packs 125

Performance Enhancements 127

Optical Disks 128

Compact Disc 128

Making IT Work for You:CD-R Drives and Music from the Internet 130

Digital Versatile Disc 130

Magnetic Tape 132

Magnetic Tape Streamers 133

Magnetic Tape Reels 133

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 135

VISUAL SUMMARY 136

KEY TERMS 138

CHAPTER REVIEW 138

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 140

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 140

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 141

7 Communications and Connectivity 142

Communications and Connectivity 144

Fax Machines 144

E-Mail 144

Voice-Messaging Systems 145

Videoconferencing Systems 145

Shared Resou?es 145

Online Services 146

User Connection 147

Modems 147

Types of Modems 148

Types of Connections 148

Telephone Lines 149

Communications Channels 149

Coaxial Cable 150

Fiber-Optic Cable 150

Microwave 150

Satellite 150

Data Transmission 151

Bandwidth 151

Serial and Parallel Transmission 152

Direction of Data Transmission 152

Modes of Data Transmission 153

Protocols 153

Terms 154

Network Architecture 154

Configurations 155

Strategies 157

Network Types 158

Local Area Networks 160

Making IT Work for You:Home Networking 160

Metropolitan Area Networks 162

Wide Area Networks 162

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 163

VISUAL SUMMARY 164

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 169

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 170

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 171

8 The Internet and the Web 172

Shopping 174

Communicating 174

Researching 174

Entertainment 174

Internet Applications 174

Providers 175

Access 175

Connections 176

TCP/IP 177

E-Mail 178

Basic Elements 178

Addresses 179

Discussion Groups 180

Mailing Lists 180

Newsgroups 181

Chat Groups 181

Instant Messaging 182

Making IT Work for you:Instant Messaging 182

Terms 184

Electronic Commerce 184

Web Storefronts 184

Web Auctions 185

Telnet 186

Internet Services 186

FTP 186

Electronic Payment 186

Browsers 187

The Web 187

Uniform Resource Locators 187

Gopher 187

Web Portals 188

Web Pages 188

Indekes 189

Applets and Java 189

Search Tools 189

Search Engines 190

Web Utilities 191

Plug-Ins 191

Helper Applications 191

Organizational Internets:Intranets and Extranets 194

Intranets 194

Extranets 194

Firewalls 194

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 195

VISUAL SUMMARY 196

KEY TERMS 199

CHAPTER REVIEW 200

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 202

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 202

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 203

9 Multimedia,Web Authorship,and More 204

Multimedia 206

Links and Buttons 206

Story Boards 206

Multimedia Authoring Programs 207

Web Site Design 208

Web Authoring 208

Web Authoring Programs 208

Graphics Programs 209

Desktop Publishing 209

Image Editors 210

Illustration Programs 210

Graphics Suites 210

Virtual Reality 211

Virtual Reality Authoring Programs 212

VRML 212

Applications 212

Artificial Intelligence 213

Knowledge-Based(Expert Systems) 213

Robotics 214

Project Management 215

Project Managers 215

PERT Charts 216

Gantt Charts 216

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 217

VISUAL SUMMARY 218

KEY TERMS 221

CHAPTER REVIEW 221

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 223

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 223

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 224

10 Privacy,Security,Ergonomics,and the Environment 226

Privacy 228

Large Databases 228

Private Networks 229

The Internet and the Web 229

Major Laws in Privacy 230

Security 232

Threats to Computer Security 233

Measures to Protect Computer Security 236

Ergonomics 239

Physical Health 239

Mental Health 241

Design 241

The Environment 242

The Green PC 243

Personal Responsibility 243

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 245

VISUAL SUMMARY 246

CHAPTER REVIEW 248

KEY TERMS 248

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 250

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 251

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 251

11 Databases 252

Key Field 254

Data Organization 254

Batch versus Real-Time Processing 254

Data Flies 254

Master Versus Transaction Files 255

File Organization 255

Need for Databases 258

Database 258

Database Management 258

DBMS Organization 259

Hierarchical Database 259

Relational Database 260

Network Database 260

Object-Oriented Database 262

Individual 263

Types of Databases 263

Company or Shared 263

Distributed 263

Proprietary 264

Strategic Uses 265

Database Uses and Issues 265

Security 265

Database Administrator 266

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 267

CHAPTER REVIEW 267

KEY TERMS 267

VISUAL SUMMARY 268

KEY TERMS 271

CHAPTER REVIEW 271

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 273

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 274

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 275

12 Information Systems 276

Management Levels 278

Organizational Information Flow 278

Functions 278

Information Flow 280

Computer-Based Information Systems 281

Transaction Processing Systems 282

Management Information Systems 284

Decision Support Systems 284

Executive Support Systems 286

Other Information Systems 287

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 289

VISUAL SUMMARY 290

KEY TERMS 292

CHAPTER REVIEW 292

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 294

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 295

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 297

13 Systems Analysis and Design 298

Systems Analysis and Design 300

Phase1:Preliminary Investigation 301

Defining the Problem 302

Suggesting Alternative Systems 302

Preparing a Short Report 303

Phase 2:Analysis 303

Gathering Data 303

Analyzing the Data 304

Documenting Systems Analysis 307

Phase 3:Design 307

Designing Alternative Systems 308

Selecting the Best System 308

Writing the Systems Design Report 308

Phase 4:Development 308

Developing Software 309

Acquiring Hardware 309

Testing the New System 310

Phase 5:Implementation 310

Types of Conversion 310

Training 311

Phase 6:Maintenance 312

RAD 313

Prototyping and RAD 313

Prototyping 313

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 315

VISUAL SUMMARY 316

KEY TERMS 319

CHAPTER REVIEW 319

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 321

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 322

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 323

14 Programming and Languages 324

Programs and Programming 326

What Is a Program? 326

What Is Programming? 326

Desired Output 327

Input Data 327

Program Objectives 327

Step 1:Program Specification 327

Processing Requirements 328

Program Specifications Document 328

Step 2:Program Design 328

Top-Down Program Design 328

Pseudocode 329

Flowcharts 329

Logic Structures 331

Step3:Program Code 333

The Good Program 333

Which Language? 333

Logic Errors 334

Step 4:Program Test 334

Syntax Errors 334

Testing Process 335

Step 5:Program Documentation 336

Step 6:Program Maintenance 336

Operations 336

Changing Needs 337

CASE and OOP 337

CASE Tools 337

Object-Oriented Software Development 338

Assembly Languages:The Second Generation 339

High-Level Procedural Languages:The Third Generation 339

Machine Languages:The First Generation 339

Generations of Programming Languages 339

Problem-Oriented Languages:The Fourth Generation 341

Natural Languages:The Fifth Generation 342

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 343

VISUAL SUMMMARY 344

KEY TERMS 347

CHAPTER REVIEW 347

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 349

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 350

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 351

15 Your Future and Information Technology 352

Changing Times 354

New Enterprises 355

New Customer and Supplier Relationships 355

Technology and Organizations 355

New Products 355

Technology and People 356

Cynicism 356

Na？veté 356

Frustration 356

How You Can Be a Winner 357

Stay Current 357

Making IT Work for You:Locating Job Opportunities Online 358

Maintain Your Commputer Competence 360

Develop Professional Contacts 360

Develop Specialties 360

Be Alert for Organizational Change 361

Look for Innovative Opportunities 361

Technical Writer 362

Programmer 362

Network Manager 362

Consider a Career in Information Systems 362

Database Administrator 362

Webmaster 362

Systems Anatlyst 362

Computer Trainer 363

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 363

VISUAL SUMMARY 364

KEY TERMS 366

CHAPTER REVIEW 366

REVIEWING CONCEPTS 367

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 368

ON THE WEB EXERCISES 369