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PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1 Power Electronic Systems 3

1-1 Introduction 3

1-2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics 4

1-3 Scope and Applications 7

1-4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters 9

1-5 About the Text 12

1-6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics 13

1-7 Convention of Symbols Used 14

Problems 14

References 15

Chapter 2 Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches 16

2-1 Introduction 16

2-2 Diodes 16

2-3 Thyristors 18

2-4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches 20

2-5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons 24

2-6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors 25

2-7 Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors 26

2-8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors 27

2-9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors 29

2-10 Comparison of Controllable Switches 29

2-11 Drive and Snubber Circuits 30

2-12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics 31

Summary 32

Problems 32

References 32

Chapter 3 Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts 33

3-1 Introduction 33

3-2 Electric Circuits 33

3-3 Magnetic Circuits 46

Summary 57

Problems 58

References 60

Chapter 4 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems 61

4-1 Introduction 61

4-2 Challenges in Computer Simulation 62

4-3 Simulation Process 62

4-4 Mechanics of Simulation 64

4-5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis 65

4-6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators 69

4-7 Equation Solvers 72

Summary 74

Problems 74

References 75

PART 2 GENERIC POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 77

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac Uncontrolled dc 79

5-1 Introduction 79

5-2 Basic Rectifier Concepts 80

5-3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers 82

5-4 Voltage-Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers 100

5-5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase,Four-Wire Systems 101

5-6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers 103

5-7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers 112

5-8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-On 112

5-9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor 113

Summary 113

Problems 114

References 116

Appendix 117

Chapter 6 Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac Controlled dc 121

6-1 Introduction 121

6-2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control 122

6-3 Single-Phase Converters 126

6-4 Three-Phase Converters 138

6-5 Other Three-Phase Converters 153

Summary 153

Problems 154

References 157

Appendix 158

Chapter 7 dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters 161

7-1 Introduction 161

7-2 Control of dc-dc Converters 162

7-3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter 164

7-4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter 172

7-5 Buck-Boost Converter 178

7-6 Cuk dc-dc Converter 184

7-7 Full Bridge dc-dc Converter 188

7-8 dc-dc Converter Comparison 195

Summary 196

Problems 197

References 199

Chapter 8 Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc Sinusoidal ac 200

8-1 Introduction 200

8-2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters 202

8-3 Single-Phase Inverters 211

8-4 Three-Phase Inverters 225

8-5 Effect of Blanking Time on Output Voltage in PWM Inverters 236

8-6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes 239

8-7 Rectifier Mode of Operation 243

Summary 244

Problems 246

References 248

Chapter 9 Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings 249

9-1 Introduction 249

9-2 Classification of Resonant Converters 252

9-3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts 253

9-4 Load-Resonant Converters 258

9-5 Resonant-Switch Converters 273

9-6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies 280

9-7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings 287

9-8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters 289

Summary 291

Problems 291

References 295

PART 3 POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS 299

Chapter 10 Switching dc Power Supplies 301

10-1 Introduction 301

10-2 Linear Power Supplies 301

10-3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies 302

10-4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation 304

10-5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies 322

10-6 Power Supply Protection 341

10-7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop 344

10-8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications 346

Summary 349

Problems 349

References 351

Chapter 11 Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies 354

11-1 Introduction 354

11-2 Power Line Disturbances 354

11-3 Power Conditioners 357

11-4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs) 358

Summary 363

Problems 363

References 364

PART 4 MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS 365

Chapter 12 Introduction to Motor Drives 367

12-1 Introduction 367

12-2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components 368

Summary 375

Problems 376

References 376

Chapter 13 dc Motor Drives 377

13-1 Introduction 377

13-2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors 377

13-3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors 380

13-4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding 381

13-5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform 382

13-6 dc Servo Drives 383

13-7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives 391

Summary 396

Problems 396

References 398

Chapter 14 Induction Motor Drives 399

14-1 Introduction 399

14-2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation 400

14-3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage 405

14-4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage 406

14-5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors 415

14-6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications 418

14-7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives 419

14-8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives 425

14-9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives 426

14-10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives 427

14-11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives 428

14-12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors 430

14-13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery 431

Summary 432

Problems 433

References 434

Chapter 15 Synchronous Motor Drives 435

15-1 Introduction 435

15-2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation 435

15-3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms 439

15-4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms 440

15-5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives 442

15-6 Cycloconverters 445

Summary 445

Problems 446

References 447

PART 5 OTHER APPLICATIONS 449

Chapter 16 Residential and Industrial Applications 451

16-1 Introduction 451

16-2 Residential Applications 451

16-3 Industrial Applications 455

Summary 459

Problems 459

References 459

Chapter 17 Electric Utility Applications 460

17-1 Introduction 460

17-2 High-voltage dc Transmission 460

17-3 Static var Compensators 471

17-4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid 475

17-5 Active Filters 480

Summary 480

Problems 481

References 482

Chapter 18 Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems 483

18-1 Introduction 483

18-2 Generation of Current Harmonics 484

18-3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor 485

18-4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices 485

18-5 Need for Improved Utility Interface 487

18-6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface 488

18-7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface 498

18-8 Electromagnetic Interference 500

Summary 502

Problems 503

References 503

PART 6 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 505

Chapter 19 Basic Semiconductor Physics 507

19-1 Introduction 507

19-2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors 507

19-3 pn Junctions 513

19-4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation 518

19-5 Avalanche Breakdown 520

Summary 522

Problems 522

References 523

Chapter 20 Power Diodes 524

20-1 Introduction 524

20-2 Basic Structure and Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 524

20-3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations 526

20-4 On-State Losses 531

20-5 Switching Characteristics 535

20-6 Schottky Diodes 539

Summary 543

Problems 543

References 545

Chapter 21 Bipolar Junction Transistors 546

21-1 Introduction 546

21-2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures 546

21-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 548

21-4 Physics of BJT Operation 550

21-5 Switching Characteristics 556

21-6 Breakdown Voltages 562

21-7 Second Breakdown 563

21-8 On-State Losses 565

21-9 Safe Operating Areas 567

Summary 568

Problems 569

References 570

Chapter 22 Power MOSFETs 571

22-1 Introduction 571

22-2 Basic Structure 571

22-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 574

22-4 Physics of Device Operation 576

22-5 Switching Characteristics 581

22-6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas 587

Summary 593

Problems 594

References 595

Chapter 23 Thyristors 596

23-1 Introduction 596

23-2 Basic Structure 596

23-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 597

23-4 Physics of Device Operation 599

23-5 Switching Characteristics 603

23-6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings 608

Summary 610

Problems 611

References 612

Chapter 24 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors 613

24-1 Introduction 613

24-2 Basic Structure and Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 613

24-3 Physics of Turn-Off Operation 614

24-4 GTO Switching Characteristics 616

24-5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs 623

Summary 624

Problems 624

References 625

Chapter 25 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors 626

25-1 Introduction 626

25-2 Basic Structure 626

25-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics 628

25-4 Physics of Device Operation 629

25-5 Latchup in IGBTs 631

25-6 Switching Characteristics 634

25-7 Device Limits and SOAs 637

Summary 639

Problems 639

References 640

Chapter 26 Emerging Devices and Circuits 641

26-1 Introduction 641

26-2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors 641

26-3 Field-Controlled Thyristor 646

26-4 JFET-Based Devices versus Other Power Devices 648

26-5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors 649

26-6 Power Integrated Circuits 656

26-7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices 661

Summary 664

Problems 665

References 666

PART 7 PRACTICAL CONVERTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 667

Chapter 27 Snubber Circuits 669

27-1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits 669

27-2 Diode Snubbers 670

27-3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors 678

27-4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors 680

27-5 Turn-Off Snubber 682

27-6 Overvoltage Snubber 686

27-7 Turn-On Snubber 688

27-8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations 691

27-9 GTO Snubber Considerations 692

Summary 693

Problems 694

References 695

Chapter 28 Gate and Base Drive Circuits 696

28-1 Preliminary Design Considerations 696

28-2 de-Coupled Drive Circuits 697

28-3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits 703

28-4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits 710

28-5 Thyristor Drive Circuits 712

28-6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits 717

28-7 Circuit Layout Considerations 722

Summary 728

Problems 729

References 729

Chapter 29 Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks 730

29-1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures 730

29-2 Heat Transfer by Conduction 731

29-3 Heat Sinks 737

29-4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection 739

Summary 742

Problems 743

References 743

Chapter 30 Design of Magnetic Components 744

30-1 Magnetic Materials and Cores 744

30-2 Copper Windings 752

30-3 Thermal Considerations 754

30-4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design 756

30-5 Inductor Design Procedures 760

30-6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design 767

30-7 Eddy Currents 771

30-8 Transformer Leakage Inductance 779

30-9 Transformer Design Procedure 780

30-10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes 789

Summary 789

Problems 790

References 792

Index 793