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1 Introduction 1

1.1 General Concepts of Concrete Structures 1

1.1.1 General Concepts of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

1.1.2 Mechanism of Collaboration of Concrete and Steel 3

1.1.3 General Concepts of Prestressed Concrete Structures 3

1.1.4 Members of Concrete Structures 4

1.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Structures 5

1.2 Historical Development of Concrete Structures 6

1.2.1 Birth of Concrete Structures 6

1.2.2 Development of Concrete Materials 7

1.2.3 Development of Structural Systems 9

1.2.4 Development in Theoretical Research of Concrete Structures 10

1.2.5 Experiments and Numerical Simulation of Concrete Structures 14

1.3 Applications of Concrete Structures 15

1.4 Characteristics of the Course and Learning Methods 17

2 Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Steel Reinforcement 21

2.1 Strength and Deformation of Steel Reinforcement 21

2.1.1 Types and Properties of Steel Reinforcement 21

2.1.2 Strength and Deformation of Reinforcement Under Monotonic Loading 24

2.1.3 Cold Working and Heat Treatment of Reinforcement 29

2.1.4 Creep and Relaxation of Reinforcement 30

2.1.5 Strength and Deformation of Reinforcement Under Repeated and Reversed Loading 30

2.2 Strength and Deformation of Concrete 33

2.2.1 Compression of Concrete Cubes 33

2.2.2 Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression 36

2.2.3 Concrete Under Uniaxial Tension 44

2.2.4 Concrete Under Multiaxial Stresses 46

2.2.5 Strength and Deformation of Concrete Under Repeated Loading 49

2.2.6 Deformation of Concrete Under Long-Term Loading 50

2.2.7 Shrinkage,Swelling,and Thermal Deformation of Concrete 52

Appendix 55

3 Bond and Anchorage 59

3.1 Bond and Mechanism of Bond Transfer 59

3.1.1 Bond Before Concrete Cracking 59

3.1.2 Bond After Concrete Cracking 60

3.1.3 Bond Tests 62

3.1.4 Mechanism and Failure Mode of Bond 64

3.1.5 Mechanism of Lap Splice 65

3.2 Bond Strength Between Concrete and Reinforcement 65

3.2.1 Bond Strength 65

3.2.2 Influential Factors on Bonding Strength 67

3.3 Anchorage of Steel Bars in Concrete 68

3.3.1 Anchorage Length 68

3.3.2 Practical Equation for Anchorage Length Calculation 71

3.3.3 Hooked Anchorages 71

4 Tension and Compression Behavior of Axially Loaded Members 75

4.1 Engineering Applications and Details of Members 75

4.2 Analysis of Axially Tensioned Structural Members 77

4.2.1 Experimental Study on Axially Tensioned Structural Members 77

4.2.2 Relationship Between Tensile Force and Deformation 80

4.3 Applications of the Bearing Capacity Equations for Axially Tensioned Members 84

4.3.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members 84

4.3.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members 84

4.4 Analysis of Axially Compressed Short Columns 85

4.4.1 Experimental Study on a Short Column 85

4.4.2 Load Versus Deformation of Short Columns 86

4.4.3 Mechanical Behavior of Short Columns with Sustained Loading 89

4.5 Analysis of Axially Compressed Slender Columns 93

4.5.1 Experimental Study on a Slender Column 93

4.5.2 Stability Coefficient 95

4.5.3 Equation for Ultimate Capacity of Axially Compressed Columns 96

4.6 Applications of the Bearing Capacity Equation for Axially Compressed Members 97

4.6.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members 97

4.6.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members 97

4.7 Analysis of Spiral Columns 99

4.7.1 Experiment Study on Spiral Columns 99

4.7.2 Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Spiral Columns 100

Appendix 106

5 Bending Behavior of Flexural Members 107

5.1 Engineering Applications 107

5.2 Mechanical Characteristics and Reinforcement Type of Flexural Members 107

5.3 Sectional Dimension and Reinforcement Detailing of Flexural Members 110

5.4 Experimental Study on Flexural Members 110

5.4.1 Test Setup 110

5.4.2 Experimental Results 112

5.5 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 116

5.5.1 Basic Assumptions 116

5.5.2 Analysis Before Cracking 119

5.5.3 Analysis at Cracking 120

5.5.4 Analysis After Cracking 124

5.5.5 Analysis at Ultimate State 128

5.6 Simplified Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 135

5.6.1 Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block 135

5.6.2 Compression Zone Depth of a Balanced-Reinforced Section 137

5.6.3 Calculation of the Flexural Bearing Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section 138

5.7 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 142

5.7.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members 142

5.7.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members 146

5.8 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections 148

5.8.1 Detailing Requirement on Doubly Reinforced Sections 149

5.8.2 Experimental Results 149

5.8.3 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections 150

5.8.4 Simplified Calculation of the Flexural Bearing Capacities of Doubly Reinforced Sections 154

5.9 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections 156

5.9.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members 156

5.9.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members 158

5.10 Analysis of T Sections 161

5.10.1 Effective Compressed Flange Width of T Beams 161

5.10.2 Simplified Calculation Method for the Flexural Bearing Capacities of T Sections 161

5.11 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of T Sections 165

5.11.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members 165

5.11.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members 167

5.12 Deep Flexural Members 169

5.12.1 Basic Concepts and Applications 169

5.12.2 Mechanical Properties and Failure Modes of Deep Flexural Members 171

5.12.3 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Deep Beams 172

5.12.4 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Short Beams 173

5.12.5 Unified Formulae for the Flexural Bearing Capacities of Deep Flexural Members 174

5.13 Ductility of Normal Sections of Flexural Members 175

6 Compression and Tension Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded Members 183

6.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement Detailing 183

6.2 Interaction Diagram 185

6.3 Experimental Studies on Eccentrically Compressed Members 187

6.3.1 Experimental Results 187

6.3.2 Analysis of Failure Modes 190

6.3.3 Ncu-Mu Interaction Diagram 191

6.3.4 Slenderness Ratio Influence on Ultimate Capacities of Members 191

6.4 Two Key Issues Related to Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members 193

6.4.1 Additional Eccentricity ea 193

6.4.2 Moment Magnifying Coefficient 193

6.5 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of Rectangular Section 196

6.5.1 Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Large Eccentrically Compressed Sections 197

6.5.2 Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Small Eccentrically Compressed Sections 200

6.5.3 Balanced Sections 204

6.5.4 Simplified Calculation Method to Determine Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Eccentrically Compressed Sections 205

6.6 Applications of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Compressed Members 210

6.6.1 Design of Asymmetrically Reinforced Sections 210

6.6.2 Evaluation of Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Asymmetrically Reinforced Eccentrically Compressed Members 223

6.6.3 Design of Symmetrically Reinforced Sections 225

6.6.4 Evaluation of Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Symmetrically Reinforced Eccentrically Compressed Members 231

6.7 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Section 231

6.7.1 Basic Equations for Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Large Eccentrically Compressed I Sections 231

6.7.2 Basic Equations for Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Small Eccentrically Compressed I Sections 233

6.8 Applications of the Ultimate Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Section 234

6.8.1 Design of I Sections 234

6.8.2 Evaluation of the Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Sections 239

6.9 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members with Biaxial Bending 240

6.10 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of Circular Section 242

6.10.1 Stress and Strain Distributions Across the Section at Failure 242

6.10.2 Calculation of Normal Section's Ultimate Bearing Capacities 244

6.10.3 Simplified Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacities 247

6.11 Analysis of Eccentrically Tensioned Members 250

6.11.1 Ultimate Tension Capacities of Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 250

6.11.2 Ultimate Tension Capacities of Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 251

6.12 Applications of the Ultimate Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Tensioned Members 253

6.12.1 Design of Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 253

6.12.2 Evaluation of Ultimate Capacities of Existing Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 253

6.12.3 Design of Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 254

6.12.4 Evaluation of Ultimate Capacities of Existing Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections 254

7 Shear 261

7.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement 261

7.2 Behavior of Flexural Members Failing in Shear 262

7.2.1 Behavior of Beams Without Web Reinforcement 263

7.2.2 Experimental Study on Beams with Web Reinforcement 275

7.2.3 Shear Resistance Mechanism of Beams with Web Reinforcement 276

7.2.4 Analysis of Flexure-Shear Sections of Beams with Web Reinforcement 278

7.2.5 Practical Calculation Equations for Shear Capacities of Beams with Web Reinforcement 281

7.3 Applications of Shear Capacity Formulae for Flexural Members 289

7.3.1 Inclined Section Design Based on Shear Capacity 289

7.3.2 Shear Capacity Evaluation of Inclined Sections of Existing Members 299

7.3.3 Discussion on Shear Forces for the Design of Beams 300

7.4 Measures to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Cross Sections in Flexural Members 303

7.4.1 Flexural Capacities of Inclined Cross Sections 303

7.4.2 Moment Capacity Diagram 304

7.4.3 Detailing Requirements to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Sections with Bent-up Bars 305

7.4.4 Detailing Requirements to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Sections When Longitudinal Bars Are Cut off 307

7.4.5 Illustration of Bent-up and Cutoff of Bars 309

7.4.6 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement at the Supports 310

7.5 Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Loaded Members 311

7.5.1 Experimental Results 311

7.5.2 Factors Influencing Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Loaded Members 313

7.5.3 Calculation of Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Compressed Members 315

7.5.4 Calculation of Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Tensioned Members 316

7.5.5 Shear Capacities of Columns of Rectangular Sections Under Bidirectional Shear 317

7.5.6 Shear Capacities of Columns of Circular Sections 319

7.6 Applications of Shear Capacity Formulae for Eccentrically Loaded Members 321

7.7 Shear Performance of Deep Flexural Members and Structural Walls 324

7.7.1 Shear Performance of Deep Flexural Members 324

7.7.2 Shear Performance of Structural Walls 325

7.8 Shear Transfer Across Interfaces Between Concretes Cast at Different Times 328

8 Torsion 335

8.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement Detailing 335

8.2 Experimental Results of Members Subjected to Pure Torsion 337

8.3 Cracking Torque for Members Under Pure Torsion 340

8.3.1 Solid Members 340

8.3.2 Hollow Members 346

8.4 Calculation of Torsional Capacities for Members of Rectangular Sections Subjected to Pure Torsion 350

8.4.1 Space Truss Analogy 350

8.4.2 Skew Bending Theory 354

8.4.3 Calculation Method in GB 50010 355

8.5 Calculation of Torsional Capacities for Members of I-,T-,and Box Sections Subjected to Pure Torsion 357

8.5.1 Method Based on the Space Truss Analogy 357

8.5.2 Method in GB 50010 357

8.6 Applications of Calculation Formulae for Torsional Capacities of Members Subjected to Pure Torsion 359

8.6.1 Cross-Sectional Design 359

8.6.2 Evaluation of Torsional Capacities of Existing Members 363

8.7 Experimental Results on Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure 365

8.8 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure 366

8.8.1 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion and Flexure 366

8.8.2 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion and Shear 368

8.8.3 Capacity Calculation of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure 371

8.9 Applications of Capacity Formulae for Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Moment 373

8.9.1 Cross-Sectional Design 373

8.9.2 Capacity Evaluation of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure 376

8.10 Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Force 378

8.10.1 Capacities of Members with Rectangular Sections Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Compression 378

8.10.2 Capacities of Members with Rectangular Sections Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Tension 379

9 Punching Shear and Bearing 385

9.1 Punching Shear 385

9.1.1 Punching Shear Failure in Slabs 385

9.1.2 Measures to Increase Punching Shear Capacities of Members 389

9.1.3 Calculation of Punching Shear Capacities 392

9.1.4 Eccentric Punching Shear Problems 399

9.2 Bearing 403

9.2.1 Mechanism of Bearing Failure 404

9.2.2 Calculation of Bearing Capacities 405

10 Prestressed Concrete Structures 415

10.1 Basic Concepts and Materials 415

10.1.1 Characteristics of Prestressed Concrete Structures 415

10.1.2 Definition of Degree of Prestress 418

10.1.3 Grades and Classification of Prestressed Concrete Structures 419

10.1.4 Types of Prestressed Concrete Structures 420

10.1.5 Materials 422

10.2 Methods of Prestressing and Anchorage 424

10.2.1 Methods of Prestressing 424

10.2.2 Anchorages and Clamps 427

10.2.3 Profiles of Posttensioned Tendons 429

10.2.4 Control Stress σcon at Jacking 431

10.3 Prestress Losses 432

10.3.1 Prestress Loss σ11 Due to Anchorage Deformation 433

10.3.2 Prestress Loss σ12 Due to Friction Between Tendon and Duct 434

10.3.3 Prestress Loss σ13 Due to Temperature Difference 439

10.3.4 Prestress Loss σ14 Due to Tendon Stress Relaxation 440

10.3.5 Prestress Loss σ15 Due to Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete 442

10.3.6 Prestress Loss σ16 Due to Local Deformation Caused by Pressure 445

10.3.7 Combination of Prestress Losses 446

10.4 Properties of the Zone for Prestress Transfer 446

10.4.1 Transfer Length and Anchorage Length of Pretensioned Tendons 446

10.4.2 Anchorage Zone of Posttensioned Members 448

10.5 Analysis of Members Subjected to Axial Tension 448

10.5.1 Characteristics of Pretressed Members Subjected to Axial Tension 448

10.5.2 Pretensioned Members Subjected to Axial Tension 449

10.5.3 Posttensioned Members Subjected to Axial Tension 451

10.5.4 Comparison Between Pretensioned and Posttensioned Members and Discussion 453

10.6 Design of Members Subjected to Axial Tension 454

10.6.1 Design for the Loading Stage 454

10.6.2 Design for Construction Stage 455

10.6.3 Steps for the Design 456

10.7 Analysis of Prestressed Flexural Members 461

10.7.1 Characteristics of Pretressed Flexural Members 461

10.7.2 Pretensioned Flexural Members 461

10.7.3 Posttensioned Flexural Members 465

10.8 Design of Prestressed Flexural Members 467

10.8.1 Design of Normal Sections 467

10.8.2 Design of Inclined Sections 474

10.8.3 Serviceability Checks 476

10.8.4 Check on the Construction Stage 477

10.8.5 Steps for Design of Prestresed Flexural Members 478

10.9 Statically Indeterminate Prestressed Structures 485

10.10 Detailing for Prestressed Concrete Members 486

10.10.1 Detailing for Pretensioned Members 486

10.10.2 Detailing for Posttensioned Members 489

11 Serviceability of Concrete Structures 497

11.1 Crack Width Control 497

11.1.1 Classification and Causes of Cracks in Concrete Structures 497

11.1.2 Purpose and Requirements of Crack Control 501

11.2 Calculation of Cracking Resistance in Prestressed Concrete Members 505

11.2.1 Cracking Resistance of Normal Sections 505

11.2.2 Cracking Resistance of Inclined Sections 508

11.3 Calculation of Crack Width in Normal Sections 512

11.3.1 Theories on Crack Width Calculation 512

11.3.2 Maximum Crack Width 520

11.4 Deflection Control 531

11.4.1 Purpose and Requirement of Deflection Control 531

11.4.2 Deformation Checking for Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members 533

11.4.3 Deformation Checking for Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members 546

12 Durability of Concrete Structures 553

12.1 Influencing Factors 553

12.2 Deterioration of Concrete 554

12.2.1 Carbonization 555

12.2.2 Frost Action 560

12.2.3 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 562

12.2.4 Chemical Attacks 564

12.3 Corrosion of Steel Embedded in Concrete 567

12.3.1 Mechanism 567

12.3.2 Corrosion Effect 569

12.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Corroded Steel Bars 570

12.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Corroded Prestressed Tendons 574

12.3.5 Bond Between Concrete and Corroded Steel Bars 576

12.4 Flexural Behavior of Corroded RC Members 581

12.4.1 Experimental Study 581

12.4.2 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Corroded RC Beams 583

12.4.3 Flexural Stiffness of Corroded RC Beams 584

12.5 Flexural Behavior of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Members 585

12.5.1 Experimental Study 585

12.5.2 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Beams 586

12.5.3 Flexural Stiffness of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Beams 590

12.6 Durability Design and Assessment of Concrete Structures 593

12.6.1 Framework of Life Cycle Design Theory for Concrete Structures 593

12.6.2 Durability Design 595

12.6.3 Durability Assessment for Existing Concrete Structures 596

Appendix A:Basic Requirements of Experiments for Basic Principles of Concrete Structure 599

References 603