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Part Ⅰ Introduction 1

Chapter 1 What Does It Mean to Be Object Oriented,Anyway? 3

1.1 Encapsulation 9

1.2 Information/Implementation Hiding 12

1.3 State Retention 14

1.4 Object Identity 15

1.5 Messages 19

1.5.1 Message structure 19

1.5.2 Message arguments 21

1.5.3 The roles of objects in messages 23

1.5.4 Types of message 25

1.6 Classes 27

1.7 Inheritance 33

1.8 Polymorphism 38

1.9 Genericity 43

1.10 Summary 48

1.11 Exercises 50

1.12 Answers 52

Chapter 2 A Brief History of Object Orientation 57

2.1 Where Did Object Orientation Come From? 57

2.1.1 Larry Constantine 58

2.1.2 O.-J.Dahl and K.Nygaard 58

2.1.3 Alan Kay,Adele Goldberg,and others 58

2.1.4 Edsger Dijkstra 58

2.1.8 Bjarne Stroustrup 59

2.1.7 Jean Ichbiah and others 59

2.1.5 Barbara Liskov 59

2.1.6 David Parnas 59

2.1.9 Bertrand Meyer 60

2.1.10 Grady Booch,Ivar Jacobson,and Jim Rumbaugh 60

2.2 Object Orientation Comes of Age 60

2.3 Object Orientation As an Engineering Discipline 62

2.4 What's Object Orientation Good For? 64

2.4.1 Analyzing users'requirements 65

2.4.2 Designing software 65

2.4.3 Constructing software 66

2.4.4 Maintaining software 69

2.4.5 Using software 69

2.4.6 Managing software projects 70

2.5 Summary 73

2.6 Exercises 75

2.7 Answers 76

Part Ⅱ The Unified Modeling Language 77

Chapter 3 Basic Expression of Classes,Attributes,andOperations 85

3.1 The Class 85

3.2 Attributes 87

3.3 Operations 89

3.4 Overloaded Operations 92

3.5 Visibility of Attributes and Operations 93

3.6 Class Attributes and Operations 94

3.7 Abstract Operations and Classes 95

3.8 The Utility 97

3.9 Parameterized Classes 98

3.10 Summary 100

3.11 Exercises 102

3.12 Answers 103

Chapter 4 Class Diagrams 107

4.1 The Generalization Construct 108

4.1.1 Single inheritance 108

4.1.2 Multiple inheritance 110

4.1.3 Subclass partitioning 110

4.1.4 Partitioning discriminators 114

4.2 The Association Construct 115

4.2.1 The basic UML notation for associations 116

4.2.2 Associations depicted as classes 119

4.2.3 Higher-order associations 120

4.2.4 Navigability of associations 122

4.3 Whole/Part Associations 123

4.3.1 Composition 123

4.3.2 Aggregation 126

4.4 Summary 130

4.5 Exercises 131

4.6 Answers 133

Chapter 5 Object-Interaction Diagrams 137

5.1 The Collaboration Diagram 138

5.1.1 Depicting a message 139

5.1.2 Polymorphism in the collaboration diagram 142

5.1.3 Iterated messages 143

5.1.4 Use of self in messages 144

5.2 The Sequence Diagram 146

5.3 Asynchronous Messages and Concurrent Execution 149

5.3.1 Depicting an asynchronous message 149

5.3.2 The callback mechanism 151

5.3.3 Asynchronous messages with priority 155

5.3.4 Depicting a broadcast(nontargeted)message 157

5.4 Summary 159

5.5 Exercises 161

5.6 Answers 162

Chapter 6 State Diagrams 164

6.1 Basic State Diagrams 165

6.2 Nested States 167

6.3 Concurrent States and Synchronization 171

6.4 Transient States from Message-Result Arguments 176

6.5 Continuously Variable Attributes 178

6.6 Summary 180

6.7 Exercises 182

6.8 Answers 184

Chapter 7 Architecture and Interface Diagrams 188

7.1 Depicting System Architecture 189

7.1.1 Packages 189

7.1.2 Deployment diagrams for hardware artifacts 191

7.1.3 Deployment diagrams for software constructs 193

7.2.1 The window-layout diagram 196

7.2 Depicting the Human Interface 196

7.2.2 The window-navigation diagram 198

7.2.3 A brief digression:What's object oriented about a GUI? 200

7.3 Summary 202

7.4 Exercises 203

7.5 Answers 204

Part Ⅲ The Principles of Object-Oriented Design 207

Chapter 8 Encapsulation and Connascence 209

8.1 Encapsulation Structure 209

8.1.1 Levels of encapsulation 210

8.1.2 Design criteria governing interacting levels of encapsulation 212

8.2.1 Varieties of connascence 214

8.2 Connascence 214

8.2.2 Contranascence 220

8.2.3 Connascence and encapsulation boundaries 221

8.2.4 Connascence and maintainability 222

8.2.5 Connascence abuses in object-oriented systems 224

8.2.6 The term connascence 227

8.3 Summary 228

8.4 Exercises 230

8.5 Answers 231

Chapter 9 Domains,Encumbrance,and Cohesion 233

9.1 Domains of Object Classes 234

9.1.1 The foundation domain 235

9.1.2 The architecture domain 235

9.1.3 The business domain 236

9.1.4 The application domain 237

9.1.5 The source of classes in each domain 238

9.2 Encumbrance 241

9.2.1 What is encumbrance? 241

9.2.2 The use of encumbrance 244

9.2.3 The Law of Demeter 244

9.3 Class Cohesion:A Class and Its Features 246

9.3.1 Mixed-instance cohesion 247

9.3.2 Mixed-domain cohesion 248

9.3.3 Mixed-role cohesion 250

9.4 Summary 253

9.5 Exercises 254

9.6 Answers 255

Chapter 10 State-Space and Behavior 259

10.1 State-Space and Behavior of a Class 259

10.2 The State-Space of a Subclass 263

10.3 The Behavior of a Subclass 266

10.4 The Class Invariant as a Restriction on a State-Space 267

10.5 Preconditions and Postconditions 269

10.6 Summary 272

10.7 Exercises 273

10.8 Answers 274

Chapter 11 Type Conformance and Closed Behavior 278

11.1 Class versus Type 279

11.2 The Principle of Type Conformance 281

11.2.1 The principles of contravariance and covariance 282

11.2.2 An example of contravariance and covariance 283

11.2.3 A graphic illustration of contravariance and covariance 288

11.2.4 A summary of the requirements for type conformance 290

11.3 The Principle of Closed Behavior 291

11.4 Summary 294

11.5 Exercises 295

11.6 Answers 296

Chapter 12 The Perils of Inheritance and Polymorphism 299

12.1 Abuses of Inheritance 299

12.1.1 Mistaken aggregates 300

12.1.2 Inverted hierarchy 301

12.1.3 Confusing class and instance 302

12.1.4 Misapplying is a 306

12.2 The Danger of Polymorphism 309

12.2.1 Polymorphism of operations 309

12.2.2 Polymorphism of variables 312

12.2.3 Polymorphism in messages 314

12.2.4 Polymorphism and genericity 316

12.3 Summary 319

12.4 Exercises 320

12.5 Answers 322

Chapter 13 Techniques for Organizing Operations 327

13.1 Mix-In Classes 327

13.1.1 A business example 328

13.1.2 Agraphics example 333

13.2 Rings of Operations 336

13.3 Summary 342

13.4 Exercises 343

13.5 Answers 344

Chapter 14 Class Cohesion and Support of States andBehavior 349

14.1 State Support in a Class Interface 350

14.2 Behavior Support in a Class Interface 352

14.3 Operation Cohesion in a Class Interface 360

14.4 Summary 364

14.5 Exercises 366

14.5 Answers 371

Chapter 15 Designing a Software Component 377

15.1 What Is a Component? 378

15.2 Similarities and Differences Between Components and Objects 380

15.3 Example of a Component 382

15.4 Internal Design of a Component 389

15.5 Lightweight and Heavyweight Components 397

15.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Components 400

15.7 Summary 406

15.8 Exercises 408

15.9 Answers 409

Appendix A:Checklist for an Object-Oriented Design Walkthrough 411

Appendix B:The Object-Oriented Design Owner's Manual 417

Appendix C:The Blitz Guide to Object-Oriented Terminology 423

Glossary 425

Bibliography 443

Index 451