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1 INTRODUCTION 1

1-1 Historical Perspective 2

1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 5

1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 6

1-4 Organization of the Book 6

1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 7

1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 8

1-7 Frequency Allocations 10

1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 12

1-9 Information Measure 16

1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 18

1-11 Coding 19

Block Codes, 20

Convolutional Codes, 22

Code Interleaving, 25

Code Performance, 25

Trellis-Coded Modulation, 28

1-12 Preview 29

1-13 Study-Aid Examples 29

Problems 30

2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise 33

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 33

Physically Realizable Waveforms, 34

Time Average Operator, 35

Dc Value, 36

Power, 37

Rms Value and Normalized Power, 39

Energy and Power Waveforms, 40

Decibel, 40

Phasors, 42

Definition, 43

2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 43

Properties of Fourier Transforms, 46

Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density, 48

Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function, 51

Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses, 54

Convolution, 58

2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function 61

Power Spectral Density, 61

Autocorrelation Function, 63

2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise 65

Orthogonal Functions, 65

Orthogonal Series, 67

Complex Fourier Series, 68

2-5 Fourier Series 68

Quadrature Fourier Series, 70

Polar Fourier Series, 71

Line SpectraforPeriodic Waveforms, 73

Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms, 77

2-6 Review of Linear Systems 79

Linear Time-Invariant Systems, 79

Impulse Response, 79

Transfer Function, 80

Distortionless Transmission, 83

Distortion ofAudio,Video,and Data Signals, 84

2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 86

Bandlimited Waveforms, 86

Sampling Theorem, 87

Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing(DSP), 90

Dimensionality Theorem, 93

2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform 94

Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform, 95

Using the DFT to Compute the FourierSeries, 100

2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 101

2-10 Summary 110

2-11 Study-Aid Examples 110

Problems 115

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 128

3-1 Introduction 128

3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 129

Natural Sampling(Gating), 129

Instantaneous Sampling(Flat-Top PAM), 133

3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 137

Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding, 138

Practical PCM Circuits, 138

Bandwidth ofPCMSignals, 142

Effects of Noise, 143

Nonuniform Quantizing:μ-Law and A-Law Companding, 147

V.9056-kb/sPCMComputerModem, 151

3-4 Digital Signaling 152

Vector Representation, 153

Bandwidth Estimation, 155

Binary Signaling, 156

Multilevel Signaling, 158

3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 160

Binary Line Coding, 160

Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes, 163

Differential Coding, 169

Eye Patterns, 170

Regenerative Repeaters, 171

Bit Synchronization, 173

Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals, 176

Spectral Efficiency, 179

3-6 Intersymbol Interference 180

Nyquist's First Method(Zero ISI), 182

Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering, 183

Nyquist's Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI, 188

3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 188

3-8 Delta Modulation 192

Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise, 194

Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation, 197

3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing 199

Speech Coding, 199

Frame Synchronization, 200

Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines, 202

TDM Hierarchy, 206

The T1 PCM System, 211

3-10 Packet Transmission System 213

3-11 Pulse Time Modulation:Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 213

3-12 Summary 215

3-13 Study-Aid Examples 218

Problems 221

4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms 230

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 230

Definitions:Baseband,Bandpass,and Modulation, 231

Complex Envelope Representation, 231

4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals 233

4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 234

4-4 Evaluation ot Power 237

4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 240

Equivalent Low-Pass Filter, 240

Linear Distortion, 242

4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 244

4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise 245

Filters, 246

4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 246

Amplifiers, 250

4-9 Nonlinear Distortion 251

4-10 Limiters 256

4-11 Mixers,Up Converters,and Down Converters 257

4-12 Frequency Multipliers 263

4-13 Detector Circuits 265

Envelope Detector, 265

Product Detector, 266

Frequency Modulation Detector, 268

4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 273

Generalized Transmitters, 281

4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis 281

4-16 Transmitters and Receivers 281

Generalized Receiver:The Superheterodyne Receiver, 283

Zero-IF Receivers, 287

Interference, 288

4-17 Software Radios 288

4-18 Summary 289

4-19 Study-Aid Examples 289

Problems 295

5 AM,FM,AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 302

5-1 Amplitude Modulation 303

5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards 308

5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 309

5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 310

5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 312

Single Sideband, 312

Vestigial Sideband, 316

5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 318

Representation of PM and FM signals, 318

Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals, 323

Narrowband Angle Modulation, 328

Wideband Frequency Modulation, 329

5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 333

Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems, 333

5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards 337

5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 337

On-OffKeying(OOK), 340

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying(BPSK), 343

DifferentialPhase-Shift Keying(DPSK), 344

Frequency-Shift Keying(FSK), 345

5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 352

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying(QPSK)and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying(MPSK), 352

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM), 355

OQPSK and π/4 QPSK, 356

PSDforMPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK and π／4 QPSK 357

Spectral Efficiencyfor MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK,andπ／4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering 359

5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying(MSK)and GMSK 360

5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 365

5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems 370

Direct Sequence, 371

Frequency Hopping, 377

5-14 Summary 377

5-15 Study-Aid Examples 379

Problems 382

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 395

Random Processes, 396

6-1 Some Basic Deftnitions 396

Stationarity and Ergodicity, 397

Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity, 401

Complex Random Processes, 403

6-2 Power Spectral Density 405

Definition, 405

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem, 406

Properties of the PSD, 409

General Formulaforthe PSD of Digital Signals, 413

White Noise Processes, 416

Measurement of PSD, 417

6-3 Dc and Rms Values for Ergodic Random Processes 418

6-4 Linear Systems 420

Input-Output Relationships, 420

6-5 Bandwidth Measures 425

Equivalent Bandwidth, 425

Rms Bandwidth, 425

6-6 The Gaussian Random Process 427

Properties of Gaussian Processes, 428

6-7 Bandpass Processes 431

Bandpass Representations, 431

Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes, 435

Proofs of Some Properties, 439

General Results, 445

6-8 Matched Filters 445

Results for White Noise, 447

Correlation Processing, 450

Transversal Matched Filter, 452

6-9 Summary 455

6-10 Appendix:Proof of Schwarz's Inequality 457

6-11 Study-Aid Examples 459

Problems 462

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 472

General Results, 473

7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 473

Results for Gaussian Noise, 475

Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 477

Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 478

7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 479

Unipolar Signaling, 479

Polar Signaling, 482

Bipolar Signaling, 482

7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 484

On-Off Keying, 484

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying, 486

Frequency-Shift Keying, 487

7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 490

On-Off Keying, 490

Frequency-Shift Keying, 494

Differential Phase-Shift Keying, 496

7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 498

7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 500

Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth, 500

Symbol Error and Bit Errorfor Multilevel Signaling, 502

Synchronization, 503

7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 504

Comparison with Baseband Systems, 510

7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 510

AM Systems with Product Detection, 511

AM Systems with Envelope Detection, 513

DSB-SC Systems, 514

SSB Systems, 515

PM Systems, 515

FM Systems, 519

FM Systems with Threshold Extension, 522

FM Systems with Deemphasis, 524

7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 527

Ideal System Performance, 527

7-11 Study-Aid Examples 530

7-10 Summary 530

Problems 539

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 547

8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 547

8-2 Telephone Systems 548

Historical Basis, 548

Modem Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals, 549

8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL) 555

G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines, 556

Video On Demand(VOD), 558

Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN), 558

8-5 Satellite Communication Systems 561

8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 561

Digital and Analog Television Transmission, 565

Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access, 567

Personal Communications via Satellite, 573

8-6 Link Budget Analysis 575

Signal Power Received, 575

Thermal Noise Sources, 577

Characterization of Noise Sources, 578

Noise Characterization of Linear Devices, 579

Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices, 585

Link Budget Evaluation, 587

Eb/No Link Budget for Digital Systems, 589

Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments, 590

8-7 Fiber Optic Systems 594

8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems 598

First Generation(1G)-The AMPS Analog System, 599

Second Generation(2G)-The Digital Systems, 602

The 1,900-MHzBand PCS Systems, 605

Third Generation(3G)Systems, 605

8-9 Television 606

Black-and-White Television, 606

Color Television, 613

MTS Stereo Sound, 613

Standards for TVand CATV Systems, 618

Digital TV(DTV), 622

8-10 Summary 627

8-11 Study-Aid Examples 628

Problems 632

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES,IDENTITIES,AND TABLES 639

A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 639

Definitions, 639

Trigonometric Identities, 639

Derivative Table, 640

Differentiation Rules, 640

Definition, 640

A-2 Difierential Calculus 640

A-3 Indeterminate Forms 641

A-4 Integral Calculus 641

Definition, 641

Integration Techniques, 642

A-5 Integral Tables 642

Indefinite Integrals, 642

Definite Integrals, 643

Finite Series, 644

Infinite Series, 644

A-6 Series Expansions 644

A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 645

A-8 The Dirac Delta Function 645

Properties of Dirac Delta Function, 646

A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x)=(sin x)／x 647

A-10 Tabulation of Q(z) 648

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 650

B-1 Introduction 650

B-2 Sets 651

B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency 652

SimpleProbability, 652

Joint Probability, 653

Conditional Probabilities, 654

B-4 Random Variables 655

B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 655

Properties of CDFs and PDFs, 658

Discrete and Continuous Distributions, 658

B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments 662

Ensemble Average, 662

Moments, 663

B-7 Examples of Important Distributions 665

Binomial Distribution, 665

Gaussian Distribution, 668

Uniform Distribution, 668

Poisson Distribution, 668

Sinusoidal Distribution, 673

B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables 673

B-9 Multivariate Statistics 678

Multivariate CDFs and PDFs, 678

Bivariate Statistics, 680

Gaussian Bivariate Distribution, 681

Multivariate Functional Transformation, 682

Central LimitTheorem, 684

Problems 686

ASCII, 692

Baudot, 692

APPENDIX C STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 692

C-1 Codes 692

C-2 DTE/DCE and Ethernet Interface Standards 693

Universal Seriai Bus(USB), 695

RS-232D,RS-422A,RS-449,and RS-530 Interfaces, 695

Centronics Parallel Interface, 696

IEEE-488 Parallel Interface, 697

Ethernet(IEEE 802.3)Interface, 698

C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model 700

TCP/IP, 703

SDLC, 703

C-4 Data Link Control Protocols 703

HDLC, 704

CCITT X.25 Protocol, 704

Asynchronous TransferMode(ATM), 705

C-5 Modem Standards 706

APPENDIX D USING MATLAB 712

D-1 Quick Start for Running M-Files 713

D-2 Programming in MATLAB 714

REFERENCES 716

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 729

INDEX 735