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1 Why Software Engineering? 1

1.1 What Is Software Engineering? 2

1.2 How Successful Have We Been? 5

1.3 What Is Good Software? 9

1.4 Who Does Software Engineering? 14

1.5 A Systems Approach 16

1.6 An Engineering Approach 21

1.7 Members of the Development Team 25

1.8 How Has Software Engineering Changed? 27

1.9 Information Systems Example 35

1.10 Real-Time Example 37

1.11 What This Chapter Means for You 39

1.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 40

1.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 40

1.14 Term Project 40

1.15 Key References 42

1.16 Exercises 43

2 Modeling the Process and Life Cycle 45

2.1 The Meaning of Process 45

2.2 Software Process Models 48

2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling 63

2.4 Practical Process Modeling 70

2.5 Information Systems Example 73

2.6 Real-Time Example 75

2.7 What This Chapter Means for You 76

2.8 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 76

2.9 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 77

2.10 Term Project 77

2.11 Key References 77

2.12 Exercises 81

3 Planning and Managing the Project 82

3.1 Tracking Progress 82

3.2 Project Personnel 95

3.3 Effort Estimation 104

3.4 Risk Management 119

3.5 The Project Plan 123

3.6 Process Models and Project Management 125

3.7 Information Systems Example 133

3.8 Real-Time Example 135

3.9 What This Chapter Means for You 136

3.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 136

3.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 137

3.12 Term Project 137

3.13 Key References 137

3.14 Exercises 138

4 Capturing the Requirements 141

4.1 The Requirements Process 142

4.2 Requirements Elicitation 144

4.3 Types of Requirements 148

4.4 Characteristics of Requirements 155

4.5 Modeling Notations 156

4.6 Requirements and Specification Languages 187

4.7 Prototyping Requirements 191

4.8 Requirements Documentation 193

4.9 Validation and Verification 198

4.10 Measuring Requirements 204

4.11 Choosing a Specification Technique 206

4.12 Information Systems Example 209

4.13 Real-Time Example 211

4.14 What This Chapter Means for You 213

4.15 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 214

4.16 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 214

4.17 Term Project 215

4.18 Key References 218

4.19 Exercises 219

5 Designing the Architecture 223

5.1 The Design Process 223

5.2 Modeling Architectures 231

5.3 Decomposition and Views 231

5.4 Architectural Styles and Strategies 235

5.5 Achieving Quality Attributes 245

5.6 Collaborative Design 256

5.7 Architecture Evaluation and Refinement 258

5.8 Documenting Software Architectures 273

5.9 Architecture Design Review 276

5.10 Software Product Lines 279

5.11 Information Systems Example 284

5.12 Real-Time Example 286

5.13 What This Chapter Means for You 287

5.14 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 288

5.15 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 288

5.16 Term Project 289

5.17 Key References 290

5.18 Exercises 290

6 Designing the Modules 293

6.1 Design Methodology 294

6.2 Design Principles 295

6.3 OO Design 310

6.4 Representing OO Designs in the UML 321

6.5 OO Design Patterns 338

6.6 Other Design Considerations 348

6.7 OO Measurement 353

6.8 Design Documentation 363

6.9 Information Systems Example 366

6.10 Real-Time Example 367

6.11 What This Chapter Means for You 367

6.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 369

6.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 369

6.14 Term Project 369

6.15 Key References 370

6.16 Exercises 370

7 Writing the Programs 373

7.1 Programming Standards and Procedures 373

7.2 Programming Guidelines 376

7.3 Documentation 387

7.4 The Programming Process 391

7.5 Information Systems Example 395

7.6 Real-Time Example 396

7.7 What This Chapter Means for You 397

7.8 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 398

7.9 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 398

7.10 Term Project 398

7.11 Key References 399

7.12 Exercises 399

8 Testing the Programs 401

8.1 Software Faults and Failures 401

8.2 Testing Issues 407

8.3 Unit Testing 412

8.4 Integration Testing 426

8.5 Testing Object-Oriented Systems 433

8.6 Test Planning 436

8.7 Automated Testing Tools 438

8.8 When to Stop Testing 441

8.9 Information Systems Example 446

8.10 Real-Time Example 447

8.11 What This Chapter Means for You 448

8.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 448

8.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 449

8.14 Term Project 449

8.15 Key References 449

8.16 Exercises 450

9 Testing the System 453

9.1 Principles of System Testing 453

9.2 Function Testing 466

9.3 Performance Testing 472

9.4 Reliability,Availability,and Maintainability 474

9.5 Acceptance Testing 483

9.6 Installation Testing 486

9.7 Automated System Testing 486

9.8 Test Documentation 487

9.9 Testing Safety-Critical Systems 498

9.10 Information Systems Example 509

9.11 Real-Time Example 511

9.12 What This Chapter Means for You 513

9.13 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 513

9.14 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 513

9.15 Term Project 514

9.16 Key References 514

9.17 Exercises 515

10 Delivering the System 519

10.1 Training 519

10.2 Documentation 524

10.3 Information Systems Example 531

10.4 Real-Time Example 532

10.5 What This Chapter Means for You 532

10.6 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 532

10.7 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 533

10.8 Term Project 533

10.9 Key References 533

10.10 Exercises 533

11 Maintaining the System 535

11.1 The Changing System 535

11.2 The Nature of Maintenance 543

11.3 Maintenance Problems 546

11.4 Measuring Maintenance Characteristics 554

11.5 Maintenance Techniques and Tools 560

11.6 Software Rejuvenation 568

11.7 Information Systems Example 574

11.8 Real-Time Example 575

11.9 What This Chapter Means for You 576

11.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 576

11.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 577

11.12 Term Project 577

11.13 Key References 577

11.14 Exercises 578

12 Evaluating Products,Processes,and Resources 580

12.1 Approaches to Evaluation 580

12.2 Selecting an Evaluation Technique 585

12.3 Assessment vs.Prediction 589

12.4 Evaluating Products 595

12.5 Evaluating Processes 610

12.6 Evaluating Resources 626

12.7 Information Systems Example 631

12.8 Real-Time Example 632

12.9 What This Chapter Means for You 632

12.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 633

12.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 633

12.12 Term Project 633

12.13 Key References 634

12.14 Exercises 634

13 Improving Predictions,Products,Processes,and Resources 636

13.1 Improving Predictions 636

13.2 Improving Products 645

13.3 Improving Processes 649

13.4 Improving Resources 657

13.5 General Improvement Guidelines 660

13.6 Information Systems Example 661

13.7 Real-Time Example 662

13.8 What This Chapter Means for You 662

13.9 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team 662

13.10 What This Chapter Means for Researchers 663

13.11 Term Project 663

13.12 Key References 663

13.13 Exercises 664

14 The Future of Software Engineering 665

14.1 How Have We Done? 665

14.2 Technology Transfer 668

14.3 Decision-Making in Software Engineering 676

14.4 The Professionalization of Software Engineering:Licensing,Certification,and Ethics 689

14.5 Term Project 706

14.6 Key References 706

14.7 Exercises 708

Annotated Bibliography 709

Index 745