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Chapter 1 Overview of Operating Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 What Is an Operating System? 2

1.3 Operating System Services 4

1.4 Character Versus Graphical User Interfaces 4

1.5 Types of Operating Systems 5

1.6 The UNIX Family 6

Summary 6

Problems 7

Chapter 2 Brief History of the UNIX Operating System 9

2.2 Historical Development of the UNIX Operating System 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2.1 Beginnings 11

2.2.2 Research Operating System 12

2.2.3 AT＆T System V 12

2.2.4 Berkely Software Distributions 12

2.2.5 The History of Shells 13

2.2.6 Current and Future Developments—LINUX 13

2.3 Variations in UNIX Systems 13

Summary 14

Problems 14

Chapter 3 Getting Started 15

3.2.1 Main/Primary Storage 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Computer System Hardware 16

3.2.2 Central Processing Unit(CPU) 17

3.2.3 Disk 18

3.2.4 Bus 18

3.2.5 I/O Devices 19

3.3 UNIX Software Architecture 19

3.3.1 Device Driver Layer 19

3.3.2 The UNIX Kernel 20

3.3.4 Language Libraries 22

3.3.5 UNIX Shell 22

3.3.3 The System Call Interface 22

3.3.6 Applications 23

3.4 Logging On and Logging Off 23

3.5 Correcting Mistakes 27

3.6 Some Important System Setups 28

3.7 Some Useful Commands for the Beginner 30

3.7.1 Changing Your Password 30

3.7.2 Getting Help 30

3.7.3 Finding Out Who You Are and What the Name of Your UNIX System Is 34

Summary 35

Problems 36

Chapter 4 UNIX Shells 39

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Various UNIX Shells 41

4.2.1 Shell Programs 42

4.2.2 Which Shell Suits Your Needs? 42

4.2.3 Ways to Change Your Shell 43

4.2.4 Shell Start-up Files and Environment Variables 45

4.3 Some Other Useful General-Purpose Commands 46

4.3.1 Creating and Displaying Directories 46

4.3.2 Displaying Files 48

4.3.3 Printing Files 48

4.3.5 One-Way Real-Time Messaging 49

4.3.4 Displaying a Calendar 49

4.3.6 Notification of and Permission for Electronic Communication 50

4.3.7 Creating Pseudonyms for Commands 51

4.3.8 Displaying System Up Time 53

4.4 Shell Metacharacters 54

Summary 56

Problems 56

Chapter 5 Editing Text Files 59

5.1 Introduction 60

5.2.1 Creating the Text of an e-mail Message with the pico Text Editor 61

5.2.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit 61

5.2 How to Do Short and Simple Edits by Using the pico Editor 61

5.2.3 General Keystroke Commands and Cursor Management 64

5.2.4 Cutting/Pasting and Searching 66

5.3 Obtaining More Control by Using the vi Editor 67

5.3.1 Shell Script File 68

5.3.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit 70

5.3.3 The Format of a vi Command and the Modes of Operation 71

5.3.4 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands 76

5.3.5 Yank and Put(Copy and Paste)and Substitute(Search and Replace) 78

5.3.6 Setting the vi Environment 81

5.4.1 DOS Aliases 82

5.4 Getting the Maximum Control by Using the emacs Editor 82

5.3.7 Executing Shell Commands from Within vi 82

5.4.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit 84

5.4.3 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands 85

5.4.4 Keyboard Macros 86

5.4.5 Cut or Copy and Paste and Search and Replace 89

5.5 Optional—How to Do Graphical Editing by Using emacs and the X Window System 93

5.5.1 Editing Data Files 93

5.5.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit 94

5.5.3 X Window emacs Menus 96

Summary 98

Problems 98

Chapter 6 Electronic Mail 101

6.1 Introduction 102

6.2 How to Use the UNIX mail Command Effectively 105

6.2.1 Sending and Reading e-mail with the UNIX mail Command 105

6.2.2 Sending e-mail with mail 106

6.2.3 Reading e-mail with mail 109

6.2.4 Saving Messages in Folders 111

6.2.5 Replying to and Forwarding Messages—and Including Attachments 112

6.2.6 mail Aliases 113

6.3 elm—A Full Screen Display e-mail System 114

6.3.1 Sending a Message in elm 115

6.3.2 Sending e-mail with elm 115

6.3.3 Reading e-mail in elm 119

6.3.4 Forwarding and Replying to an e-mail Message in elm 120

6.3.5 Saving Messages in Folders 123

6.3.6 elm Aliases 123

6.4 pine—Another Full-Screen Display e-mail System 125

6.4.1 Sending an e-mail Message by Using pine with an Attachment Created in vi 125

6.4.2 Sending e-mail with pine 128

6.4.3 Reading e-mail with pine 130

6.4.4 Disposing of e-mail in Folders in pine 131

6.4.5 Using the pine Address Book 133

6.4.6 A Summary of pine Commands 137

Summary 138

Problems 139

Chapter 7 Files and File System Structure 143

7.1 Introduction 144

7.2 The UNIX File Concept 144

7.3 Types of Files 144

7.3.1 Simple/Ordinary File 144

7.3.2 Directory 145

7.3.3 Link File 146

7.3.4 Special File(Device) 146

7.3.5 Named Pipe(FIFO) 147

7.4 File System Structure 147

7.4.1 File System Organization 147

7.4.3 Pathnames:Absolute and Relative 148

7.4.2 Home and Present Working Directories 148

7.4.4 Some Standard Directories and Files 149

7.5 Navigating the File Structure 152

7.5.1 Determining the Absolute Pathname for Your Home Directory 153

7.5.2 Browsing the File System 154

7.5.3 Creating Files 157

7.5.4 Creating and Removing Directories 157

7.5.5 Determing File Attributes 159

7.5.6 Determing the Type of a File's Contents 161

7.6 File Representation and Storage in UNIX 163

7.7 Standard Files and File Descriptions 165

Summary 167

7.8 End of File(eof)Marker 167

Problems 168

Chapter 8 File Security 171

8.1 Introduction 172

8.2 Password-Based Protection 172

8.3 Encryption-Based Protection 173

8.4 Protection Based on Access Permission 174

8.4.1 Types of Uses 174

8.4.2 Types of File Operations/Access Permissions 174

8.5 Determining and Changing File Access Privileges 175

8.5.1 Determing File Access Privileges 176

8.5.2 Changing File Access Privileges 178

8.5.3 Default File Access Privileges 183

8.6 Special Acces Bits 184

8.6.1 The Set-User-ID(SUID)Bit 184

8.6.2 The Set-Group-ID(SGID)Bit 186

8.6.3 The Sticky Bit 187

Summary 189

Problems 190

Chapter 9 Basic File Processing 193

9.1 Introduction 194

9.2 Viewing Contents of Text Files 194

9.2.1 Viewing Complete Files 194

9.2.2 Viewing Files One Page at a Time 197

9.2.3 Viewing the Head or Tail of a File 198

9.3 Copying,Moving,and Removing Files 202

9.3.1 Copying Files 202

9.3.2 Moving Files 205

9.3.3 Removing/Deleting Files 207

9.3.4 Determing File Size 209

9.4 Appending to Files 211

9.5 Combining Files 213

9.6 Comparing Files 215

9.7 Removing Repeated Lines 219

9.8.1 UNIX Mechanism for Printing Files 221

9.8 Printing Files and Controlling Print Jobs 221

9.8.2 Printing Files 222

9.8.3 Finding the Status of Your Print Requests 224

9.8.4 Canceling Your Print Jobs 226

Summary 228

Problems 229

Chapter 10 Advanced File Processing 231

10.1 Introduction 232

10.2 Regular Expressions 232

10.3 Compressing Files 234

10.4 Sorting Files 238

10.5 Searching for Commands and Files 241

10.6 Searching Files 245

10.7 Cutting and Pasting 250

10.8 Encoding and Decoding 255

10.9 File Encryption and Decryption 258

Summary 262

Problems 263

Chapter 11 File Sharing 265

11.1 Introduction 266

11.2 Duplicate Shared Files 266

11.3 Common Login for Memebers of a Team 266

11.6 File Sharmg Via Links 267

11.4 Setting Appropriate Access Permissions on Shared Files 267

11.5 Common Group for Members of a Team 267

11.6.1 Hard Links 268

11.6.2 Drawbacks of Hard Links 276

11.6.3 Soft/Symbolic Links 278

11.6.4 Pros and Cons of Symbolic Links 283

Summary 284

Problems 285

Chapter 12 Redirection and Piping 287

12.3 Input Redirection 288

12.2 Standard Files 288

12.1 Introduction 288

12.4 Output Redirection 290

12.5 Combining Input and Output Redirection 292

12.6 I/O Redirection with File Descriptors 293

12.7 Redirection Standard Error 294

12.8 Redirecting stdout and stderr in One Command 295

12.9 Redirecting stdin,stdout,and stderr in One Command 297

12.10 Redirecting Without Overwriting File Contents(Appending) 299

12.11 UNIX Pipes 301

12.12 Redirection and Piping Combined 305

12.13 Error Redirection in the C Shell 306

12.14 Recap of I/O and Error Redirection 310

Summary 312

Problems 313

Chapter 13 Processes 317

13.1 Introduction 318

13.2 Running Multiple Processes Simultaneously 318

13.3 UNIX Process States 319

13.4 Execution of Shell Commands 320

13.5 Process Attributes 324

13.6 Process and Job Control 328

13.6.1 Foreground and Background Processes and Related Commands 328

13.6.3 Sequential and Parallel Execution of Commands 335

13.6.2 UNIX Daemons 335

13.6.4 Abnormal Termination of Commands and Processes 340

13.7 Process Hierarchy in UNIX 344

Summary 345

Problems 346

Chapter 14 Networking and Internetworking 349

14.1 Introduction 350

14.2 Computer Networks and Internetworks 350

14.3 The Reasons for Computer Networks and Internetworks 351

14.4 Network Models 352

14.5.1 TCP and UDP 354

14.5 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite 354

14.5.2 Routing of Application Data—The Internet Protocol(IP) 355

14.5.3 IPv4 Addresses in Dotted Decimal Notation 357

14.5.4 Symbolic Names 358

14.5.5 Translating Names to IP Addresses—The Domain Name System 360

14.6 Internet Services and Protocols 362

14.7 The Client-Server Software Model 363

14.8 Application Software 364

14.8.1 Displaying the Host Name 364

14.8.2 Displaying List of Users Using Hosts on a Network 365

14.8.3 Displaying the Status of Hosts on a Network 367

14.8.4 Testing a Network Connection 368

14.8.5 Displaying Information about Users 369

14.8.6 Remote Login 373

14.8.7 Remote Command Execution 380

14.8.8 File Transfer 383

14.8.9 Remote Copy 387

14.8.10 Interactive Chat 389

14.8.11 Tracing the Route from One Site to Another Site 391

Summary 392

Problems 393

Chapter 15 Introductory Bourne Shell Programming 395

15.1 Introduction 396

15.2 Running a Bourne Shell Script 396

15.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands 397

15.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables 401

15.3.2 Command Substitution 403

15.3.3 Exporting Environment 404

15.3.4 Resetting Variables 407

15.3.5 Creating Read-Only User-Defined Variables 408

15.3.6 Reading from Standard Input 409

15.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts 411

15.5 Comments and Program Headers 415

15.6 Program Control Flow Commands 417

15.6.1 The if-then-elif-else-fi Statement 417

15.6.2 The for Statement 427

15.6.3 The while Statement 429

15.6.4 The until Statement 432

15.6.5 The break and continue Commands 433

15.6.6 The case Statement 434

Summary 439

Problems 440

Chapter 16 Advanced Bourne Shell Programming 443

16.1 Introduction 444

16.2 Numeric Data Processing 444

16.3 The Here Document 450

16.4 Interrupt(Signal)Processing 454

16.5.1 Execution of a Command Without Creating a New Process 459

16.5 The exec Command and File I/O 459

16.5.2 File I/O via the exec Command 461

16.6 Functions in the Bourne Shell 469

16.6.1 The Reasons for Functions 469

16.6.2 Function Definition 470

16.6.3 Function Invocation/Call 470

16.6.4 Examples of Functions 471

16.7 Debugging Shell Programs 473

Summary 475

Programs 476

Chapter 17 Introductory C Shell Programming 477

17.2 Running a C Shell Script 478

17.1 Introduction 478

17.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands 479

17.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables 483

17.3.2 Command Substitution 486

17.3.3 Exporting Environment 487

17.3.4 Resetting Variables 489

17.3.5 Reading from Standard Input 491

17.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts 492

17.5 Comments and Program Headers 496

17.6 Program Control Flow Commands 497

17.6.1 The if-the-else-endif Statement 498

17.6.2 The foreach Statement 506

17.6.3 The while Statement 508

17.6.4 The break,continue,and goto Commands 510

17.6.5 The switch Statement 512

Summary 515

Problems 516

Chapter 18 Advanced C Shell Programming 519

18.1 Introduction 520

18.2 Numeric Data Processing 520

18.3 Array Processing 522

18.4 The Here Document 528

18.5 Interrupt(Signal)Processing 530

18.6 Debugging Shell Programs 535

Summary 536

Problems 537

Chapter 19 File System Backup 539

19.1 Introduction 540

19.2 Archiving and Restoring Files Via tar 540

19.2.1 Archiving Files 542

19.2.2 Restoring Archived Files 546

19.2.3 Copying Directory Hierarchies 549

19.3 Software Distributions in the tar Format 550

Problems 551

Summary 551

Chapter 20 Unix Tools for Software Development 553

20.1 Introduction 554

20.2 Computer Programming Languages 554

20.3 The Compilation Process 556

20.4 The Software Engineering Life Cycle 557

20.5 Program Generation Tools 559

20.5.1 Generating C Source Files 559

20.5.2 Indenting C Source Code 559

20.5.3 Compiling C Programs 562

20.5.4 Handling Module-Based C Software 567

20.5.5 Building Object Files into a Library 578

20.5.6 Working with Libraries 582

20.5.7 Version Control 586

20.6 Stattic Analysis Tools 627

20.6.1 Verifying Code for Portability 628

20.6.2 Source Code Metrics 633

20.7 Dynamic Analysis Tools 634

20.7.1 Tracing Program Execution 634

20.7.2 Source Code Debugging 636

20.7.3 Run-Time Performance 651

Summary 653

Problems 654

Chapter 21 X Window System-The UNIX Graphical User Interface 657

21.2 User-Computer Interactivity and the X Window System 658

21.1 Introduction 658

21.2.1 The Key Components of Interactivity—Events and Request 659

21.3 The Role of a Window Manager in the User Interface and fvwm 662

21.3.1 Functions and Appearance of the Window Manager Interface 662

21.3.2 The Appearance and Operation of fvwm 662

21.4 Customizing the X Window System and fvwm 666

21.4.1 Command Line Changes to an X Window System Application 667

21.4.2 Preference Changes in.Xdefaults and.xinitrc Initialization Files 670

21.4.3 Typical Changes in.fvwmrc to Customize the fvwm Window Manager 672

Summary 676

Problems 676