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Chapter 1 Separation Processes 1

1.1 Characteristics of separation process and separation factor 2

1.1.1 Characteristics of separation process 2

1.1.2 Separation factor 5

1.2 Classifications of separation process 6

1.3 Selection of separation processes 8

1.4 Industrial chemical processes 9

Words 12

Notes 13

Problems 14

References 15

Chapter 2 Foundation of Multicomponent,Multistage Separations 16

2.1 Degree of freedom and design variables 16

2.1.1 General description 16

2.1.2 Design and control degrees of freedom 21

2.1.3 Phase rule and the degree of freedom analysis of processes 22

2.2 Calculation of phase equilibrium 24

2.2.1 Phase equilibrium 24

2.2.2 Phase equilibrium data 26

2.2.3 Calculations of vapor-liquid equilibrium 28

2.3 Multicomponent bubble-and dew-point calculations 35

2.4 Single stage equilibrium calculations 37

2.4.1 Determination of phase conditions for a mixture and types of flash distillation calculations 38

2.4.2 Isothermal flash 39

2.4.3 Adiabatic flash 42

2.5 Batch distillation 43

2.5.1 Introduction 43

2.5.2 Unconventional column configurations 45

2.5.3 Batch distillation optimization 46

2.6 Steam distillation 46

2.7 Continuous distillation 47

Words 49

Notes 50

Problems 52

References 54

Chapter 3 Multicomponent,Multistage Separations 55

3.1 Multicomponent distillation 55

3.1.1 Key components 56

3.1.2 Complex of multicomponent distillation 57

3.2 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland shortcut method 58

3.2.1 Material balance method of sharp separation 59

3.2.2 Fenske equation for minimum equilibrium stages 63

3.2.3 Underwood formula for minimum reflux ratio 67

3.2.4 Gilliland correlation for actual reflux ratio and theoretical stages 69

3.2.5 Feed-stage location 70

3.3 Azeotropic distillation 71

3.3.1 Azeotropism 71

3.3.2 Characteristics of azeotrope 73

3.3.3 Azeotropic distillation processes 73

3.3.4 Azeotropic distillation using an entrainer 77

3.4 Extractive distillation 79

3.4.1 Introduction 79

3.4.2 Principles of extractive distillation 80

3.4.3 Analysis of extractive distillation process 82

3.5 Salt distillation 84

Words 86

Notes 87

Problems 89

References 91

Chapter 4 Gas Absorption and Stripping 92

4.1 Introduction 92

4.2 Gas-liquid equilibrium 93

4.2.1 Equilibrium of physical absorption 93

4.2.2 Equilibrium of chemical absorption 94

4.3 Absorption and stripping process 95

4.3.1 Introduction of absorption and stripping process 95

4.3.2 Analysis of multicomponent absorption and stripping process 97

4.4 Shortcut calculation of multicomponent absorption and stripping process 100

4.4.1 Basic conception of absorption process calculation 101

4.4.2 Absorption factor method 102

4.4.3 Stripping factor method 112

Words 113

Notes 113

Problems 114

References 116

Chapter 5 Rigorous Methods for Multicomponent,Multistage Separations 117

5.1 Theoretical model for an equilibrium stage 117

5.1.1 Physical model of complex distillation column 117

5.1.2 Theoretical model of equilibrium stage 118

5.2 General strategy of mathematical solution 121

5.3 Equation-tearing procedures 121

5.3.1 Tridiagonal-matrix algorithm 122

5.3.2 Bubble-point (BP) method 124

5.3.3 Sum-rates (SR)method 127

5.3.4 Simultaneous-correction method 128

5.4 Stage-by-stage method 128

5.4.1 Starting point of calculation 128

5.4.2 Calculation at constant molar overflow 129

5.4.3 Determination of feed stage and the criteria for the end of calculation 131

5.4.4 Calculation at varying molar overflow 133

Words 140

Notes 141

Problems 142

References 143

Chapter 6 Efficiency and Energy Saving in Distillation Process 145

6.1 Efficiency 145

6.1.1 Types of plate efficiency 146

6.1.2 Factors impacting efficiency 148

6.1.3 Efficiency calculation methods 152

6.1.4 Overall efficiency evaluation of commercial distillation columns 153

6.2 Minimum work of separation process 153

6.2.1 General description 153

6.2.2 Minimum work of separation 154

6.2.3 Nonisothermal separation and available energy 157

6.2.4 Net work consumption and thermodynamic efficiency 158

6.3 Energy saving in distillation process 159

6.3.1 Thermodynamic analysis of separation process 159

6.3.2 Distillation with intermediate condenser and reboiler 160

6.3.3 Multi-effect distillation 160

6.3.4 Heat pump 165

6.4 Distillation sequencing 166

6.4.1 Distillation sequencing using simple columns 166

6.4.2 Practical constraints restricting options 169

6.4.3 Choice of sequence for simple nonintegrated distillation columns 170

6.4.4 Distillation sequencing using columns with more than two products 170

6.5 Synthesis of separation processes by case-based reasoning 171

6.5.1 Selection of single separations 172

6.5.2 Synthesis of azeotropic separations 173

6.5.3 Synthesis of separation sequences 174

6.5.4 Combined operations 175

6.5.5 Examples on azeotropic separation 176

6.6 Design and optimization of thermally coupled distillation schemes 177

6.7 Energy efficiency of an indirect.thermally coupled distillation sequence 180

Words 184

Notes 185

Problems 186

References 188

Chapter 7 Other Separation Methods 189

7.1 Adsorption 189

7.1.1 Adsorbents 191

7.1.2 Fundamentals of adsorption equilibria 194

7.1.3 Theories of adsorption equilibria 195

7.1.4 Processes and cycles 198

7.1.5 Application in carbon dioxide separation 204

7.2 Ion exchange 206

7.2.1 Structure of ion exchange resins 206

7.2.2 Principles of ion exchange processes 208

7.2.3 Type of ion exchange resins 210

7.2.4 Application of ion exchange resins 211

7.2.5 Regeneration of ion exchange resins 215

7.3 Liquid-liquid extraction 215

7.3.1 Solvent selection 216

7.3.2 Extractor design 218

7.3.3 Liquid-liquid extraction equipment 220

7.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction 223

7.4 Reactive distillation 228

7.4.1 Introduction 228

7.4.2 Basic of reactive distillation 228

7.4.3 Available commercial catalytic packings and homogeneous internals 231

7.4.4 Barriers to commercial implementation 231

7.4.5 Computational methods 232

7.4.6 Application 233

7.5 Membrane separation 241

7.5.1 Introduction 241

7.5.2 Membranes for gas separation 241

7.5.3 Membranes for liquid separation 245

Words 248

Notes 251

Problems 254

References 254