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1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,THE INTERNET,AND YOU 2

Introduction 4

Information Systems 5

People 6

Software 8

System Software 8

Application Software 9

Hardware 9

Making IT work for you:Installing a Free Antivirus Program 10

Types of Computers 11

Microcomputer Hardware 12

Data 14

Connectivity 15

Careers in IT 17

A Look to the Future:Using and Understanding Information Technology Means Being Computer Competent 18

Open-Ended 19

Discussion 19

2 THE INTERNET,THE WEB,AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 22

Introduction 24

The Internet and the Web 24

Making IT work for you:Online Entertainment 26

Access 28

Providers 28

Browsers 28

Communication 31

E-mail 31

Messaging 32

Social Networking 33

Blogs,Microblogs,Webcasts,Podcasts,and Wikis 34

Making IT work for you:Twitter 36

Search Tools 38

Search Engines 39

Specialized Search Engines 39

Content Evaluation 40

Electronic Commerce 40

Security 41

Cloud Computing 42

Web Utilities 44

Plug-ins 44

Filters 45

File Transfer Utilities 45

Internet Security Suites 46

Careers in IT:Webmaster 47

A Look to the Future:Your Car's Dashboard as a Powerful,Internet-Connected Computing Device 48

Open-Ended 49

Discussion 49

3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE 52

Introduction 54

Application Software 54

User Interface 54

Common Features 56

General-Purpose Applications 56

Word Processors 56

Spreadsheets 59

Database Management Systems 61

Presentation Graphics 61

Specialized Applications 63

Graphics 63

Making IT work for you:Image Editing 65

Web Authoring Programs 67

Other Professional Specialized Applications 68

Mobile Apps 68

Apps 70

App Stores 70

Software Suites 71

Office Suites 71

Cloud Computing 71

Specialized and Utility Suites 72

Careers in IT:Software Engineer 72

Making IT work for you:Google Docs 73

A Look to the Future:Next-Generation User Interfaces 74

Open-Ended 75

Discussion 75

4 SYSTEM SOFTWARE 78

Introduction 80

System Software 80

Operating Systems 81

Functions 81

Features 82

Categories 83

Mobile Operating Systems 84

Desktop Operating System 85

Windows 85

Mac OS 86

UNIX and Linux 86

Virtualization 87

Utilities 88

Windows Utilities 88

Making IT work for you:Windows Task Manager 89

Utility Suites 93

Device Drivers 93

Careers in IT:Computer Support Specialist 95

A Look to the Future:Self-Healing Computers Could Mean an End to Computer Crashes and Performance Problems 96

Open-Ended 97

Discussion 97

5 THE SYSTEM UNIT 100

Introduction 102

System Unit 102

Desktops 102

Notebooks 102

Tablets 103

Handhelds 104

Components 104

Making IT work for you:Keeping Your Computer Cool 105

System Board 107

Microprocessor 108

Microprocessor Chips 109

Specialty Processors 110

Memory 110

RAM 110

ROM 111

Flash Memory 111

Expansion Slots and Cards 112

Bus Lines 113

Expansion Buses 113

Ports 114

Standard Ports 115

Specialized Ports 115

Cables 115

Making IT work for you:TV Tuners 116

Power Supply 117

Electronic Data and Instructions 118

Numeric Representation 118

Character Encoding 118

Careers in IT:Computer Technician 119

A Look to the Future:Chips inside Your Brain 120

Open-Ended 121

Discussion 121

6 INPUT AND OUTPUT 124

Introduction 126

What Is Input? 126

Keyboard Entry 126

Keyboards 127

Pointing Devices 128

Mice 128

Touch Screens 129

Game Controllers 129

Stylus 129

Scanning Devices 130

Optical Scanners 130

Card Readers 131

Bar Code Readers 131

RFID Readers 131

Character and Mark Recognition Devices 132

Image Capturing Devices 132

Digital Cameras 132

Webcams 133

Audio-Input Devices 133

Voice Recognition Systems 133

What Is Output? 134

Monitors 134

Features 134

Flat-panel Monitors 135

E-book Readers 135

Making IT work for you:E-Books 136

Other Monitors 137

Printers 137

Features 138

Inkjet Printers 138

Laser Printers 139

Other Printers 139

Audio and Video Devices 140

Portable Media Players 140

Combination Input and Output Devices 140

Multifunctional Devices 141

Internet Telephones 141

Robots 141

Making IT work for you:Skype 142

Virtual Reality Headgear and Gloves 144

Erogonomics 144

Careers in IT:Technical Writers 146

Displays 147

Open-Ended 148

Discussion 148

7 SECONDARV STORAGE 152

Introduction 154

Storage 154

Hard Disks 155

Internal Hard Disk 156

External Hard Drives 156

Performance Enhancements 156

Optical Discs 158

Compact Disc 158

Digital Versatile Disc 159

Blu-ray Disc 159

Solid-State Storage 160

Solid-State Drives 160

Flash Memory Cards 160

USB Drives 161

Cloud Storage 161

Making IT work for you:Cloud Storage 163

Mass Storage Devices 165

Enterprise Storage System 165

Storage Area Network 166

Careers in IT:Disaster Recovery Specialist 166

A Look to the Future:Next-Generation Storage 167

Open-Ended 168

Discussion 168

8 COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS 170

Introduction 172

Communications 172

Connectivity 172

The Wireless Revolution 173

Communication Systems 173

Communication Channels 174

Physical Connections 174

Wireless Connections 175

Connection Devices 176

Modems 176

Connection Service 177

Data Transmission 178

Bandwidth 178

Making IT work for you:Mobile Internet 179

Protocols 180

Networks 181

Terms 181

Network Types 182

Local Area Networks 182

Home Networks 183

Wireless LAN 183

Personal Area Network 184

Metropolitan Area Networks 184

Wide Area Networks 184

Network Architecture 185

Topologies 185

Strategies 186

Organizational Networks 187

Internet Technologies 187

Network Security 188

Careers in IT:Network Administrator 189

Making IT work for you:Remote Access 190

There without Actually Being There 191

Open-Ended 192

Discussion 192

9 PRIVACY,SECURITY,AND ETHICS 194

Introduction 196

People 196

Privacy 197

Large Databases 197

Private Networks 200

The Internet and the Web 201

Online Identity 204

Major Laws on Privacy 204

Security 205

Cybercrime 205

Measures to Protect Computer Security 209

Making IT work for you:Security Suites 211

Making IT work for you:Cloud-Based Backup 215

Ethics 217

Copyright and Digital Rights Management 217

Plagiarism 218

Careers in IT:IT Security Analyst 219

A Look to the Future: The End of Anonymity 220

Open-Ended 221

Discussion 221

10 INFORMATION SYSTEMS 224

Introduction 226

Organizational Information Flow 226

Functions 226

Management Levels 227

Information Flow 229

Computer-Based Information Systems 230

Transaction Processing Systems 231

Management Information Systems 233

Decision Support Systems 234

Executive Support Systems 235

Other Information Systems 237

Expert Systems 238

Careers in IT:Information Systems Manager 239

A Look to the Future:IBM's Watson:The Ultimate Information-Finding Machine 240

Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study:Information Systems at DVD Direct 241

Open-Ended 242

Discussion 242

11 DATABASES 244

Introduction 246

Data 246

Data Organization 247

Key Field 248

Batch versus Real-Time Processing 248

Databases 249

Need for Databases 250

Database Management 250

DBMS Structure 252

Hierarchical Database 252

Network Database 253

Relational Database 253

Multidimensional Database 254

Object-Oriented Database 255

Types of Databases 256

Individual 256

Company 256

Distributed 257

Commercial 257

Database Uses and Issues 258

Strategic Uses 258

Security 258

Careers in IT:Database Administrator 259

A Look to the Future:The Future of Crime Databases 260

Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study:Databases at DVD Direct 261

Open-Ended 262

Discussion 262

12 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 264

Introduction 266

Systems Analysis and Design 266

Phase 1:Preliminary Investigation 267

Defining the Problem 268

Suggesting Alternative Systems 269

Preparing a Short Report 269

Phase 2:Systems Analysis 270

Gathering Data 270

Analyzing the Data 271

Documenting Systems Analysis 273

Phase 3:Systems Design 273

Designing Altemative Systems 275

Selecting the Best System 275

Writing the Systems Design Report 275

Phase 4:Systems Development 276

Acquiring Software 276

Acquiring Hardware 276

Testing the New System 277

Phase 5:Systems Implementation 277

Types of Conversion 277

Training 279

Phase 6:Systems Maintenance 279

Prototyping and Rapid Applications Development 280

Prototyping 281

Rapid Applications Development 281

Careers in IT:Systems Analyst 281

A Look to the Future:The Challenge of Keeping Pace 282

Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study:Systems Analysis and Design at DVD Direct 283

Open-Ended 284

Discussion 284

13 PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES 286

Introduction 288

Programs and Programming 288

What Is a Program? 288

What Is Programming? 288

Step 1:Program Specification 289

Program Objectives 289

Desired Output 290

Input Data 290

Processing Requirements 290

Program Specifications Document 291

Step 2:Program Design 291

Top-Down Program Design 291

Pseudocode 292

Flowcharts 292

Logic Structures 293

Step 3:Program Code 296

The Good Program 297

Coding 297

Step 4:Program Test 299

Syntax Errors 300

Logic Errors 300

Testing Process 300

Step 5:Program Documentation 301

Step 6:Program Maintenance 302

Operations 302

Changing Needs 302

CASE and OOP 304

CASE Tools 304

Object-Oriented Software Development 304

Generations of Programming Languages 305

Machine Languages:The First Generation 305

Assembly Languages:The Second Generation 305

High-Level Procedural Languages:The Third Generation 306

Task-Oriented Languages:The Fourth Generation 307

Problem and Constraint Languages:The Fifth Generation 307

Careers in IT:Programmer 308

A Look to the Future:Your Own Programmable Robot 309

Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study:Programming at DVD Direct 310

Open-Ended 311

Discussion 311

The Evolution of the Computer Age 314

Glossary 325