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PREFACE 19

LIST OF SYMBOLS 23

1 INTRODUCTION 29

1-1 Historical Perspective 30

1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 30

1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 33

1-4 Organization of the Book 34

1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 35

1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 36

1-7 Frequency Allocations 38

1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 40

1-9 Information Measure 44

1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 46

1-11 Coding 47

Block Codes 48

Convolutional Codes 50

Code Interleaving 53

Code Performance 53

Trellis-Coded Modulation 56

1-12 Preview 57

1-13 Study-Aid Examples 57

Problems 58

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 60

2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise 60

Physically Realizable Waveforms 60

Time Average Operator 62

DC Value 63

Power 64

RMS Value and Normalized Power 66

Energy and Power Waveforms 67

Decibel 67

Phasors 69

2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 70

Definition 70

Properties of Fourier Transforms 73

Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density 75

Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function 78

Rectangular and Triangular Pulses 81

Convolution 85

2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function 88

Power Spectral Density 88

Autocorrelation Function 90

2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise 92

Orthogonal Functions 92

Orthogonal Series 94

2-5 Fourier Series 95

Complex Fourier Series 95

Quadrature Fourier Series 97

Polar Fourier Series 98

Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms 100

Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms 104

2-6 Review of Linear Systems 106

Linear Time-Invariant Systems 106

Impulse Response 106

Transfer Function 107

Distortionless Transmission 110

Distortion of Audio,Video,and Data Signals 111

2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 113

Bandlimited Waveforms 113

Sampling Theorem 114

Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing（DSP） 117

Dimensionality Theorem 120

2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform 121

Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform 122

Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series 127

2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 128

2-10 Summary 137

2-11 Study-Aid Examples 137

Problems 142

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 150

3-1 Introduction 150

3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 151

Natural Sampling（Gating） 151

Instantaneous Sampling（Flat-Top PAM） 155

3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 159

Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding 160

Practical PCM Circuits 160

Bandwidth of PCM Signals 164

Effects of Noise 165

Nonuniform Quantizing:μ-Law and A-Law Companding 169

V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem 173

3-4 Digital Signaling 174

Vector Representation 175

Bandwidth Estimation 177

Binary Signaling 178

Multilevel Signaling 180

3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 182

Binary Line Coding 182

Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes 185

Differential Coding 191

Eye Patterns 192

Regenerative Repeaters 193

Bit Synchronization 195

Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals 198

Spectral Efficiency 201

3-6 Intersymbol Interference 202

Nyquist's First Method（Zero ISI） 204

Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering 205

Nyquist's Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI 210

3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 210

3-8 Delta Modulation 214

Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise 216

Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation 219

Speech Coding 221

3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing 221

Frame Synchronization 222

Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines 224

TDMH ierarchy 228

The T1 PCM System 233

3-10 Packet Transmission System 235

3-11 Pulse Time Modulation:Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 235

3-12 Summary 237

3-13 Study-Aid Examples 240

Problems 243

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 250

4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms 250

Definitions:Baseband,Bandpass,and Modulation 250

Complex Envelope Representation 251

4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals 253

4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 256

4-4 Evaluation of Power 257

4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 260

Equivalent Low-Pass Filter 260

Linear Distortion 262

4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 264

4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise 265

4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 266

Filters 266

Amplifiers 270

4-9 Nonlinear Distortion 271

4-10 Limiters 276

4-11 Mixers,UP Converters,and Down Converters 277

4-12 Frequency Multipliers 283

4-13 Detector Circuits 285

Envelope Detector 285

Product Detector 286

Frequency Modulation Detector 288

4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 293

4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis 301

4-16 Transmitters and Receivers 301

Generalized Transmitters 301

Generalized Receiver:The Superheterodyne Receiver 303

Zero-IF Receivers 307

Interference 308

4-17 Software Radios 308

4-18 Summary 309

4-19 Study-Aid Examples 309

Problems 315

5 AM,FM,AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 320

5-1 Amplitude Modulation 321

5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards 326

Digital AM Braodcasting 327

5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 328

5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 328

5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 330

Single Sideband 330

Vestigial Sideband 334

5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 336

Representation of PM and FM Signals 336

Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals 341

Narrowband Angle Modulation 346

Wideband Frequency Modulation 347

Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems 351

5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 351

5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards 355

Digital FM Braodcasting 355

5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 357

On-Off Keying（OOK） 357

Binary Phase-Shift Keying（BPSK） 361

Differential Phase-Shift Keying（DPSK） 363

Frequency-Shift Keying（FSK） 363

5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 370

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying（QPSK）and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying（MPSK） 370

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation（QAM） 373

OQPSK and π／4 QPSK 376

PSD for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK,and π／4 QPSK 377

Spectral Effciency for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK,and π／4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering 379

5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying（MSK）and GMSK 380

5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing（OFDM） 385

5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems 390

Direct Sequence 391

Frequency Hopping 397

SS Frequency Bands 397

5-14 Summary 397

5-15 Study-Aid Examples 399

Problems 402

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 409

6-1 Some Basic Definitions 409

Random Processes 409

Stationarity and Ergodicity 411

Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity 415

Complex Random Processes 417

6-2 Power Spectral Density 419

Definition 419

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem 420

Properties of the PSD 423

General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals 427

White-Noise Processes 430

Measurement of PSD 431

6-3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes 432

6-4 Linear Systems 434

Input-Output Relationships 434

6-5 Bandwidth Measures 439

Equivalent Bandwidth 439

RMS Bandwidth 439

6-6 The Gaussian Random Process 441

Properties of Gaussian Processes 442

6-7 Bandpass Processes 446

Bandpass Representations 446

Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes 449

Proofs of Some Properties 454

6-8 Matched Filters 459

General Results 459

Results for White Noise 461

Correlation Processing 466

Transversal Matched Filter 467

6-9 Summary 470

6-10 Appendix:Proof of Schwarz's Inequality 472

6-11 Study-Aid Examples 474

Problems 476

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 482

7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 482

General Results 482

Results for Gaussian Noise 485

Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception 487

Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception 488

7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 489

Unipolar Signaling 489

Polar Signaling 492

Bipolar Signaling 492

7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 494

On-Off Keying 494

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying 496

Frequency-Shift Keying 497

7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 500

On-Off Keying 500

Frequency-Shift Keying 504

Differential Phase-Shift Keying 506

7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 508

7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 510

Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth 510

Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling 512

Synchronization 513

7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 514

7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 520

Comparison with Baseband Systems 520

AM Systems with Product Detection 521

AM Systems with Envelope Detection 523

DSB-SC Systems 524

SSB Systems 525

PM Systems 525

FM Systems 529

FM Systems with Threshold Extension 532

FM Systems with Deemphasis 534

7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 537

Ideal System Performance 537

7-10 Summary 540

7-11 Study-Aid Examples 540

Problems 549

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 555

8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 555

8-2 Telephone Systems 555

Historical Basis 556

Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals 557

8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines（DSL） 563

G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines 564

Video On Demand（VOD） 566

Integrated Service Digital Network（ISDN） 566

8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 569

8-5 Satellite Communication Systems 569

Digital and Analog Television Transmission 574

Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access 576

Satellite Radio Broadcasting 581

8-6 Link Budget Analysis 583

Signal Power Received 584

Thermal Noise Sources 586

Characterization of Noise Sources 587

Noise Characterization of Linear Devices 588

Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices 594

Link Budget Evaluation 596

Eb/No Link Budget for Digital Systems 598

Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments 599

8-7 Fiber-Optic Systems 603

8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems 607

First Generation（1G）—The AMPS Analog System 608

Second Generation（2G）—The Digital Systems 611

The 1,900-MHz Band PCS Systems 614

Status of 2G Networks 615

Third Generation（3G）Systems 615

8-9 Television 616

Black-and-White Television 616

MTS Stereo Sound 623

Color Television 623

Standards for TV and CATV Svstems 628

Digital TV（DTV） 636

8-10 Cable Data Modems 640

8-11 Wireless Data Networks 641

Wi-Fi 641

Wi-Max 643

8-12 Summary 644

8-13 Study-Aid Examples 644

Problems 649

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES,IDENTITIES,AND TABLES 653

A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 653

Definitions 653

Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers 653

A-2 Differential Calculus 654

Definition 654

Differentiation Rules 654

Derivative Table 654

A-3 Indeterminate Forms 655

A-4 Integral Calculus 655

Definition 655

Integration Techniques 656

A-5 Integral Tables 656

Indefinite Integrals 656

Definite Integrals 657

A-6 Series Expansions 658

Finite Series 658

Infinite Series 658

A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 659

A-8 The Dirac Delta Function 659

Properties of Dirac Delta Functions 660

A-9 Tabulation of Sa（x）=（sinx）/x 661

A-10 Tabulation of Q（z） 662

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 664

B-1 Introduction 664

B-2 Sets 664

B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency 666

Simple Probability 666

Joint Probability 667

Conditional Probabilities 668

B-4 Random Variables 669

B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 669

Properties of CDFs and PDFs 672

Discrete and Continuous Distributions 672

B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments 676

Ensemble A verage 676

Moments 677

B-7 Examples of Important Distributions 679

Binomial Distribution 679

Poisson Distribution 682

Uniform Distribution 682

Gaussian Distribution 682

Sinusoidal Distribution 687

B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables 687

B-9 Multivariate Statistics 692

Multivariate CDFs and PDFs 692

Bivariate Statistics 694

Gaussian Bivariate Distribution 695

Multivariate Functional Transformation 696

Central Limit Theorem 698

Problems 700

APPENDIX C USING MATLAB 706

C-1 Quick Start for Running M-Files 707

C-2 Programming in MATLAB 707

REFERENCES 710

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 723

INDEX 727

Abbreviations 750

Fourier Transform Theorems 752

Fourier Transform Pairs 753

Q（z）Function 753